…is supplied by the left circumflex coronary artery (LCX). Right dominant system is by far the most common anatomy, occurring in 90% of all individuals…

…or lacunar infarct (occlusion of small penetrating arteries) : This is the most common type of ischaemic stroke, resulting from the occlusion of small penetrating arteries…

…a proximal occlusion (in the RCA) which cuts off blood flow to the right ventricle, will also affect the inferior wall of the left ventricle…

…of the Left Ventricle). Regional wall motion abnormalities are defined as regional abnormalities in contractile function. Ischemic heart disease is the most common cause of…

…and less common causes such as severe pre existing valvular disease or excessive beta blocker or calcium channel blocker exposure. The incidence of cardiogenic shock…

…diagnostic angiography. Collateral vessels may maintain distal perfusion and permit visualization of the vessel beyond the occlusion when the patent donor artery is injected. The…

…in left ventricular preload lead to a cascade of hemodynamic alterations which may culminate in cardiac arrest. Pulmonary embolism is causally related to deep vein…

…right ventricular free wall rupture and cardiac tamponade. The most common of these are hypotension, low cardiac output and sensitivity to drugs that reduce preload…

…coronary artery occlusion can be identified. Injection of contrast media into the ventricle will instead reveal that the apical portion of the left ventricle is…

…and degree of myocardial involvement The anatomical territory, including anterior, inferoposterolateral or right ventricular involvement Pre existing abnormalities such as prior infarction, left bundle branch…

…30 days if left untreated. Moreover, the pathophysiology of NSTEMI and unstable angina is very similar: both are due to partial (incomplete) coronary artery occlusions …

…of upsloping ST segment depressions with prominent T waves in the majority of the chest leads may indicate an acute occlusion in the LAD (left…

…Left bundle branch block is more common in individuals with structural and ischemic heart disease. Assessment of ischemia on ECG is difficult in the presence…

…formation of thrombi in the left atrial appendage . Such thrombi may leave the appendage and enter the systemic circulation which causes thromboembolic occlusions of arteries…

…left coronary cusp (LCC), and noncoronary cusp (NCC), showing the same branches as in panel A for cross modality comparison. Clinical features Occlusion of the…

…ischemia and infarction Definition and conceptual framework Acute coronary occlusion is the abrupt or progressive reduction of coronary blood flow sufficient to produce myocardial ischaemia…

…infarction The ECG in the assessment of myocardial reperfusion The ECG is an invaluable tool to assess whether an occlusion has been resolved and blood…

…The heart is rotated 30° to the left in the thorax. This positions the basal portion of the left lateral wall posteriorly in thorax (Figure…

…and Pathophysiology Posterior myocardial infarction is myocardial necrosis involving the posterior region of the left ventricle, usually as part of an inferoposterior or posterolateral infarction…

…vasoconstriction of one or more coronary arteries. Epicardial spasm produces a reversible functional occlusion and usually causes transmural ischaemia. The resulting abnormalities in left ventricular…

…that applying a 5 minute occlusion reflow cycle repeatedly to the circumflex artery before a 60 minute occlusion of the left anterior descending coronary artery…

…objective, particularly in patients with left ventricular dysfunction and/or MVD. Nevertheless, the optimal extent and timing of intervention depend on the clinical setting, haemodynamic…

…encompasses several physiological states. Brief coronary occlusion or relatively prolonged moderate ischemia may produce post ischemic stunning. In the absence of infarction, contractile recovery can…

…tunica adventitia , respectively. Figure 1. Layers of the left ventricular wall, pericardium and ventricular cavity. The endocardium The endocardium lines the atria, ventricles and the…

…left main coronary artery disease . It integrates multiple variables, including the number of lesions, their location, and specific characteristics such as bifurcations, chronic total occlusions…

…or at least four drinks for women or five for men on one occasion. Pharmacokinetics and pathophysiology Approximately 95% of ingested ethanol undergoes hepatic metabolism…

…identification of acute coronary occlusion (Al Zaiti et al, 2023). The proposed transition from the traditional STEMI/NSTEMI/UA classification to the OMI/NOMI approach…

…without significant ST segment elevations on ECG. NSTE ACS is caused by partial occlusion of the artery (i.e. coronary blood flow is not completely…

…specific ST T changes are very common. Non specific ST depressions, T wave inversions (negative T waves) do not affect the management of cardiac arrest…

…ESC), American College of Cardiology (ACC), American Heart Association (AHA), and World Heart Federation (WHF) collaborated to redefine MI using a biochemical and clinical approach…

…after coronary occlusion and progress over time. Experimentally, necrosis advances from the subendocardium towards the subepicardium over several hours. The extent and tempo of injury…

…and the ensuing atherothrombosis, causes a complete occlusion of the coronary artery. Ischemia will extend from the endocardium to the epicardium in the affected myocardial…

…and the ensuing atherothrombosis, causes a complete occlusion of the coronary artery. Ischemia will extend from the endocardium to the epicardium in the affected myocardial…

…intimal injury promote atherosclerosis. The principal anatomical distributions are: Abdominal aorta and iliac arteries, involved in approximately 30% of symptomatic patients. Femoral and popliteal arteries…

…ischemia and infarction Definition and pathophysiology Stent thrombosis is thrombotic occlusion arising within a coronary stent or at its margins after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI)…

…despite escalation of antianginal medical therapy, coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG), or percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), including attempted recanalization of a chronic total coronary occlusion…

…have been reported, with clusters occurring in the morning within a few hours of awakening. Pain is the most common presenting complaint. The pain is…

…particularly inverted T waves. Below follows a discussion which aims to clarify some of the common misunderstandings. All T waves are illustrated in Figure 18…

…Disruption of an atherosclerotic plaque may also release atherosclerotic debris downstream, causing microvascular embolization (i.e occluding smaller vessels downstream). The thrombosis causes occlusion of…

…Clinical presentation and symptoms Symptoms commonly develop rapidly, often within an hour of arterial occlusion. The classic clinical constellation is remembered as the “six Ps…

…opening of a persistently occluded infarct related artery in a stable and asymptomatic patient is by contrast not recommended [1,5]. STEMI criteria and occlusion…

…The benefit of antiplatelet therapy must always be balanced against bleeding. This balance changes according to the clinical setting, time from MI or percutaneous coronary…

…involve partial occlusions, resulting in subendocardial ischemia and comparatively milder symptoms. For the same reason, patients with STEMI are at higher risk of life threatening…

…segment. The phenomenon occurs in approximately 2%–3% of PCI procedures overall. It is particularly associated with intervention on degenerated saphenous vein grafts (SVGs), rotational…

…represents impaired antegrade myocardial perfusion in the absence of a flow limiting epicardial stenosis. It is associated particularly with intervention on degenerated saphenous vein grafts…

…The standard investigation in acute stroke to identify large vessel occlusion, dissection or other vascular pathology CT perfusion Used with an unclear time of onset…

…toe pressure < 30 mmHg. Decompensated heart failure — compression of both legs acutely increases preload. Untreated deep vein thrombosis in the acute phase. Septic phlebitis…

…rich and less occlusive, often presenting clinically as Non ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction (NSTEMI) rather than STEMI [4] . Calcified Nodules: A less common mechanism (2…