…for patients aged 1 month to 16 years. Reference values for patients aged <1 month are less reliable due to the small sample size in…

…for patients aged 1 month to 16 years. Reference values for patients aged <1 month are less reliable due to the small sample size in…

…the heart rate, the electrical axis and the waveform in the newborn differ markedly from adult reference values and normalise gradually through childhood. The interpretation…

…the inferior vena cava continues to the right atrium. Meanwhile, deoxygenated blood in the superior vena cava (which returns blood from the head and upper…

…Pediatric and neonatal electrocardiograms differ markedly – in terms of rhythm, morphology, normal findings, normal variants, etc – from adult electrocardiograms. It is crucial to be familiar…

…the inferior vena cava continues to the right atrium. Meanwhile, deoxygenated blood in the superior vena cava (which returns blood from the head and upper…

…Collectively, they affect approximately 5–15% of pregnancies worldwide and are major contributors to maternal, fetal, and neonatal morbidity and mortality. Their incidence has increased…

…catheterization. Principles of management of congenital heart disease and GUCH Complex malformations often require intervention (surgical or catheter based intervention). In addition to the malformation…

…hyperaldosteronism or Conn syndrome, comprises disorders in which aldosterone secretion is inappropriately increased, relatively autonomous from angiotensin II and plasma potassium, and resistant to suppression…

…when peripheral access fails or is judged futile. Children in an emergency, where peripheral venous access often takes too long. Intraosseous access accepts all drugs…