Cardiology Neurology Definition and Pathophysiology Carotid artery stenosis is an atherosclerotic narrowing of the carotid arteries. It forms part of multisite artery disease, defined as…

Myocardial ischemia and infarction Definition and Clinical Significance In stent restenosis (ISR) is recurrent narrowing within a previously implanted coronary stent. It represents a form…

Myocardial ischemia and infarction Definition and Pathophysiology Left main coronary artery disease (LMCAD) refers to atherosclerotic narrowing of the left main coronary artery, which supplies…

…a left main coronary stenosis of at least 50% is considered significant. These thresholds describe luminal narrowing, not necessarily the physiological effect of the lesion…

…myocardium compresses the tunnelled coronary segment, producing an apparent angiographic narrowing. The narrowing generally improves or disappears during diastole, distinguishing myocardial bridging from a fixed…

…do not always correspond. Visual estimation of luminal narrowing may therefore be insufficient when deciding whether an intermediate lesion should be revascularized. Coronary pressure assessment…

…therefore be considered throughout assessment. Coronary disease is most commonly related to atheromatous plaque producing progressive narrowing or obstruction of epicardial coronary arteries. Endothelial dysfunction…

…The stenosis is subvalvular, causing a narrowing of the RVOT (right ventricular outflow tract). Carcinoid heart disease : Carcinoid syndrome is a paraneoplastic syndrome that occurs…

…Conversely, some lesions with apparently lesser narrowing are physiologically important. Lesion location also matters: stenoses in the left main stem or proximal left anterior descending…

…usually readily recognized Type 2 Long, smooth, diffuse luminal narrowing, typically extending more than 20–30 mm The most common pattern; may be mistaken for…

…in the aorta is increased) and aortic stenosis (in which the narrowing of the opened aortic valve orifice makes it difficult for blood to flow…

…Poor coaptation leads to regurgitation. Mitral stenosis Mitral stenosis is defined as a narrowing of the mitral valve orifice. There are many causes of mitral…

…assessing aortic stenosis in the presence of a narrowing of the LVOT (left ventricular outflow tract). Such narrowings are due to septal hypertrophy or subaortic…