…symptom. It includes pain, pressure, tightness, heaviness, burning, or discomfort in the chest and may extend to the arms, shoulders, neck, jaw, upper back, abdomen…

…management is different. Takotsubo syndrome and myocarditis should not be classified as MINOCA when they are established as the explanation for the presentation. Clinical presentation…

…heart disease, or several mechanisms acting simultaneously. Acute myocardial infarction Acute myocardial infarction requires: Acute myocardial injury, demonstrated by a rise and/or fall in…

…myocardial injury alone is an entity in itself and may arise from non ischaemic cardiac conditions (such as myocarditis) or non cardiac conditions (such as…

…including: Coronary arteritis Accelerated atherosclerosis Coronary microvascular dysfunction Pericarditis Myocarditis Valvular disease APS and Behçet disease can cause both arterial and venous thrombosis. In SLE…

…risk of myocarditis, given the similarities between COVID 19 and MERS (Middle East Respiratory Syndrome, coronavirus). Recent studies on COVID 19 and cardiovascular disease Cardiovascular…

…negative predictive value in patients with suspected acute coronary syndrome (ACS). Cardiac troponin is a marker of myocardial injury, not a disease specific marker of…

…with increased risk of hypotension in patients with autonomic dysfunction, hypovolemia, or severe coronary or valvular disease Recent (<48 hours) use of dipyridamole or dipyridamole…

…and an LVEF below 40%. Signs may be absent in early disease or after effective treatment. HFrEF is commonly associated with structural and functional ventricular…

…artery disease. Assessment of exercise capacity and symptoms in known heart disease. Risk assessment after myocardial infarction or before revascularisation. Evaluation of treatment effect in…