…TdP). Drug induced LQTS and TdP represent a multifactorial clinical entity that typically emerges when multiple modifiable and non modifiable risk factors converge. The electrophysiological…

…Although epicardial coronary arteries are a major site of disease, atherosclerosis is systemic and may affect multiple arterial territories. The arterial wall is biologically active…

…site to the aortic root, engaging the coronary ostia, and acquiring multiple angiographic projections. Although traditionally regarded as an anatomical examination, contemporary ICA can provide…

…Modifiable risk factors include electrolyte abnormalities such as hypokalemia, the co administration of multiple QT prolonging medications, and drug accumulation secondary to renal or hepatic…

…or non diagnostic CT. Suspected neuroborreliosis, neurosyphilis or another CNS infection. Suspected inflammatory disease: multiple sclerosis, Guillain–Barré syndrome, autoimmune encephalitis. Meningeal carcinomatosis and CNS…

…treat acute and subacute ventricular arrhythmias. The Singh Vaughan Williams classification fails to clarify that the majority of these agents exert effects on multiple cardiac…

…de pointes . ECG showing an episode of sinus rhythm (with multiple ventricular premature beats) spontaneously converting to Torsade de Pointes ventricular tachycardia. Notice how arterial…

…of CAD, particularly in patients with multivessel disease or left main coronary artery disease . It integrates multiple variables, including the number of lesions, their location…

…methods may also contribute. The cardioprotective effect is therefore likely to result from the cumulative influence of multiple modest dietary changes. Mediterranean type diets provide…

…the enzyme. By inhibiting this pump, digoxin affects multiple cellular processes critical to cardiac myocyte function, ultimately exerting a mild positive inotropic effect. Beyond its…

…positive hyperacute T waves [15]. Profound ST elevation across multiple leads generally indicates very severe ischemia [15]. A key distinguishing feature of ischemic ST elevation…

…Myocardial ischemia and infarction Definition and pathophysiology Spontaneous coronary artery dissection (SCAD) is an acute coronary disorder caused by separation within the coronary arterial wall…

…by inhibiting myosin phosphatase activity. Patients with VA are generally younger than those with atherosclerotic non ST elevation acute coronary syndromes. Cigarette smoking is a…

…More than one mechanism may operate simultaneously. Some acute coronary events occur without an identifiable culprit thrombus. NSTE ACS generally reflects an imbalance between myocardial…

…reperfusion therapy. This approach fails to identify a substantial proportion of patients with acute coronary occlusion (ACO) who present without diagnostic ST elevation, often resulting…

…treat acute and subacute ventricular arrhythmias. The Singh Vaughan Williams classification fails to clarify that the majority of these agents exert effects on multiple cardiac…

…A Streptococcus ). Rheumatic heart disease can occur at any age and multiple valve lesions are common (typically the aortic and mitral valve). Rheumatic heart disease…

…Gallstone causing acoustic shadowing. Reverberations artifacts Ultrasound waves can be reflected multiple times between dense structures ( i.e structures with high echogenicity). For each reflection…

…occurs in LVH. Deep S wave in V5 or V6 ( 6 mm) Large RS complexes in multiple leads P pulmonale Figure 1. ECG changes seen…

…by withdrawing parasympathetic activity and increasing sympathetic activity. This has multiple effects which are discussed in detail below. This article will deal with the physiology…

…also referred to as primary hypertension . Essential hypertension is defined as hypertension without an identifiable underlying cause. Researchers previously believed that this form of hypertension…

…a liquid approach a circular opening. The flow profile gradually assumes the shape of a hemisphere with multiple layers. Flow velocity is equal within each…

…ventricle is divided into 17 segments for 2D echocardiography. One can identify these segments in multiple views. Note that the terms ischemic heart disease (IHD…

…true; the stiffer the myocardium, the slower and less pronounced the relaxation. Left ventricular compliance Multiple factors affect ventricular compliance. These factors include age, afterload…

…one defined entirely from the ECG, without echocardiography. They then stress tested the model against multiple outcome definitions and validated it, with no fine tuning…

…PAU is strongly associated with extensive atherosclerosis and frequently occurs in older patients with multiple vascular comorbidities. An isolated PAU is one without associated IMH…

…other platelet pathways. The distinction between primary and secondary prevention is fundamental: Primary prevention refers to individuals without established atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD), coronary artery…

…disease and advanced CKD. The clinical course is often more rapidly reversible than that of other forms of acute tubular necrosis, although the complication remains…

…alternative to invasive coronary angiography (ICA) for excluding non ST segment elevation acute coronary syndrome (NSTE ACS) in patients with a low to intermediate likelihood…

…diastolic reserve becomes evident, with a rise in left atrial and pulmonary pressures that contributes to exertional breathlessness and reduced exercise capacity. Multiorgan and comorbidity…

…patients without thrombus. Factors associated with embolization Echocardiographic features suggesting increased embolic potential include: Greater thrombus mobility. Protrusion into the LV cavity. Visualization on multiple…

…period. Maternal and obstetric complications Immediate maternal complications include placental abruption, stroke, multiple organ failure, disseminated intravascular coagulation, pulmonary oedema, hepatic complications, renal impairment, and…

…atherosclerosis, endothelial dysfunction, and distinct coronary functional abnormalities may produce ischaemia without an obstructive epicardial lesion. Once conventional anti ischaemic targets have been exhausted, proposed…

…often exhibit multiple villi . These myxomas are more likely to embolize (Cardiac Thromboembolism). There are genetic syndromes that result in the emergence of multiple myxomas…

…ventricle is divided into 17 segments for 2D echocardiography. One can identify these segments in multiple views. The basal part is divided into six segments…

…most commonly used formula. However, all above listed formulas were developed many decades ago and they have multiple drawbacks. For example, Bazett's formula is…

…overview image the depth is reduced as much as possible, without excluding regions of interest. Reducing the depth results in an increased frame rate and…

…medications such as nitrates, beta blockers, or calcium channel blockers Recent acute myocardial infarction (AMI) Pharmacologic agents in perfusion imaging Vasodilators (adenosine, dipyridamole, regadenoson) These…

…examination include the following four imaging windows: Parasternal window Apical window Subcostal window (SC) Suprasternal window (suprasternal notch) Multiple views are obtained in each window…

…calculated by quantifying the volume flowing through the mitral valve, tricuspid valve or pulmonary valve. These volumes can be calculated using the same principle as…

…Dilatation of the right ventricle. Dilatation of the right atrium. Pulmonary hypertension. Left to right shunt. Right ventricular dysfunction due to pressure/volume overload is…

…an easy way of expressing the energy cost of any exercise. The energy cost is expressed as multiples of the resting metabolic rate. For example…

…sinoatrial block impulses are blocked sporadically (without any Wenckebach phenomenon). The pauses between the visible beats are always multiples of the normal P P interval…

… LVESD = left ventricular end systolic diameter; The fraction is multiplied by 100 to obtain percentage (%). Normal FS 25% (M Mode) 18% (Direct 2 D…