…multiple myeloma or other renal disease; hepatic disease; concurrent nephrotoxic drugs, including NSAIDs; and repeated or high volume contrast exposure. Patients with multiple myeloma and…

…TdP). Drug induced LQTS and TdP represent a multifactorial clinical entity that typically emerges when multiple modifiable and non modifiable risk factors converge. The electrophysiological…

…in which lipid accumulation, vascular cell dysfunction, immune cell recruitment, extracellular matrix remodelling, and thrombosis interact to produce focal arterial lesions. Although epicardial coronary arteries…

…coronary ostia, and acquiring multiple angiographic projections. Although traditionally regarded as an anatomical examination, contemporary ICA can provide complementary functional and structural information. Coronary pressure…

…both modifiable and nonmodifiable risk factors. Modifiable risk factors include electrolyte abnormalities such as hypokalemia, the co administration of multiple QT prolonging medications, and drug…

…or another CNS infection. Suspected inflammatory disease: multiple sclerosis, Guillain–Barré syndrome, autoimmune encephalitis. Meningeal carcinomatosis and CNS involvement in haematological malignancy. Investigation of dementia…

…treat acute and subacute ventricular arrhythmias. The Singh Vaughan Williams classification fails to clarify that the majority of these agents exert effects on multiple cardiac…

[calc_qtc] 1 – 15 years, male and female Adult, male Adult, female Normal <440 ms <430 ms <450 ms Upper limit 440–460 ms 430…

…It integrates multiple variables, including the number of lesions, their location, and specific characteristics such as bifurcations, chronic total occlusions (CTOs), calcification, and thrombus presence…

…processing, additives and cooking methods may also contribute. The cardioprotective effect is therefore likely to result from the cumulative influence of multiple modest dietary changes…

…baroreceptor activity and acts centrally and peripherally to enhance vagal tone. These sympatho inhibitory effects decrease serum norepinephrine levels, plasma renin levels, and potentially aldosterone…

ECG Myocardial ischemia and infarction Lathundar ECG Criteria for ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction (STEMI) The diagnosis of STEMI relies on specific electrocardiographic thresholds for ST…

…solely as an isolated coronary event. SCAD predominantly affects the left sided coronary circulation and may involve multiple vessels. Pregnancy associated SCAD can occur at…

…The condition is more prevalent in Japan and South Korea than in Western populations, and multiple vessel spasm during provocation testing is also reported more…

…lesion thought to be susceptible to disruption and thrombosis. Typical features include a lipid rich core, a thin fibrous cap, macrophage and foam cell accumulation…

…and requiring urgent reperfusion, even in the absence of classic ST elevation. Multiple studies have demonstrated the superior sensitivity of OMI criteria—including subtle and…

…treat acute and subacute ventricular arrhythmias. The Singh Vaughan Williams classification fails to clarify that the majority of these agents exert effects on multiple cardiac…

…A Streptococcus ). Rheumatic heart disease can occur at any age and multiple valve lesions are common (typically the aortic and mitral valve). Rheumatic heart disease…

…main beam. As the ultrasound beam sweeps back and forth, multiple side lobe artifacts can be generated on both sides of the true reflector. If…

…6 mm) Large RS complexes in multiple leads P pulmonale Figure 1. ECG changes seen in left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) and right ventricular hypertrophy (RVH)…

…activity and increasing sympathetic activity. This has multiple effects which are discussed in detail below. This article will deal with the physiology of exercise and…

…therapy with multiple antihypertensives is often necessary to normalize blood pressure. Management of hypertension requires careful consideration of other cardiovascular risk factors and coexisting conditions…

…hemisphere with multiple layers. Flow velocity is equal within each layer (depicted with different colors). (B) Schematic illustration of mitral regurgitation with PISA and the…

…One can identify these segments in multiple views. Note that the terms ischemic heart disease (IHD), coronary heart disease (CHD) , and coronary artery disease (CAD…

…the slower and less pronounced the relaxation. Left ventricular compliance Multiple factors affect ventricular compliance. These factors include age, afterload, myocardial synchronization and intracellular processes…

…the model against multiple outcome definitions and validated it, with no fine tuning, in geographically and structurally distinct US and Taiwanese cohorts. Finally, and unusually…

…Danlos syndrome Inflammatory aortitis, including Takayasu arteritis and giant cell arteritis Bicuspid aortic valve Coarctation of the aorta Previous aortic trauma Pregnancy, particularly the third…

…other platelet pathways. The distinction between primary and secondary prevention is fundamental: Primary prevention refers to individuals without established atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD), coronary artery…

…at multiple angles. Tissue attenuation is expressed relative to water in Hounsfield units. Bone is highly attenuating, air has very low attenuation, and blood and…

…CKD), and multiple non cardiovascular conditions are frequent features. A proposed disease pathway involves systemic and coronary microvascular endothelial inflammation associated with comorbidities. This may…

…Visualization on multiple imaging planes. Location adjacent to hyperkinetic myocardium. Large thrombus burden. Cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) can further characterize thrombus morphology and may assist…

…and multiple organ failure. In the absence of treatment, approximately 1 in 100 cases of preeclampsia may progress to eclampsia. Clinical presentation and symptoms The…

…or weekly despite multiple antianginal agents and prior revascularization procedures. In many patients, the burden is sufficiently severe to limit ordinary activities and substantially impair…

…Papillary myxomas are small; they have a more stretched appearance and most often exhibit multiple villi . These myxomas are more likely to embolize (Cardiac Thromboembolism…

…myocardial segmentation and nomenclature for echocardiography. The left ventricle is divided into 17 segments for 2D echocardiography. One can identify these segments in multiple views…

…decades ago and they have multiple drawbacks. For example, Bazett's formula is only suitable in adults with a heart rate between 60 and 90…

…the one examines is located. One can choose to place one or more focus (multiple focus lowers the image update rate). The direction and foc

…A2B and A3 receptors. Fixed dose administration : Regadenoson dosing is not weight based, simplifying administration. Dipyridamole Dipyridamole has multiple targets that contribute to its vasodilatory…

…The blood tissue interface may also be used to measure ventricular dimension in instances when the interface between compacted and noncompacted myocardium cannot be discerned…

…of cases, which is explained by the following: The aortic valve is easy to visualize and image quality is typically high in multiple views. The…

…dimensional echocardiography is used to evaluate valve anatomy and the subvalvular apparatus. Thickness, mobility and coaptation of the leaflets are assessed visually in multiple views…

…MET) is defined as the amount of oxygen consumed while sitting at rest and is equal to 3.5 ml O2 per kg weight × min…

Arrhythmias and arrhythmology ECG Sinoatrial block (SA block): from ECG to clinical management Sinoatrial (SA) block implies that the impulses discharged in the sinoatrial node…

…is multiplied by 100 to obtain percentage (%). Normal FS 25% (M Mode) 18% (Direct 2 D measurement) Tissue Doppler Tissue Dopplerrecords the speed and direction…