…myocardial necrosis. It most commonly reflects atherothrombosis: disruption of an atherosclerotic plaque followed by platelet activation and coagulation, with formation of an intraluminal thrombus. The…

…However, the ECG may show features characteristic of biventricular hypertrophy. Biventricular hypertrophy ECG In case the ECG or other examinations suggest left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH…

…fms like tyrosine kinase 1/placental growth factor ratio ≥40 is associated with increased risk of preeclampsia with severe features during the subsequent two weeks…

…presence of these features does not imply inevitable clinical disruption. Fewer than 5% of thin capped fibroatheromas have been identified as the source of an…

…lesion haziness raise suspicion of thrombus, although haziness is not specific. Intravascular imaging can identify plaque disruption, thrombus and other structural features that may not…

…thrombus. Factors associated with embolization Echocardiographic features suggesting increased embolic potential include: Greater thrombus mobility. Protrusion into the LV cavity. Visualization on multiple imaging planes…

…CKD), and multiple non cardiovascular conditions are frequent features. A proposed disease pathway involves systemic and coronary microvascular endothelial inflammation associated with comorbidities. This may…

…without echocardiography. They then stress tested the model against multiple outcome definitions and validated it, with no fine tuning, in geographically and structurally distinct US…

…are blocked sporadically (without any Wenckebach phenomenon). The pauses between the visible beats are always multiples of the normal P P interval (Figure 3). Typically…

…when multiple modifiable and non modifiable risk factors converge. The electrophysiological mechanism underlying TdP involves prolonged ventricular repolarisation, which allows for the recovery of time…

…multifactorial clinical entity typically associated with drug induced long QT syndrome (DI LQTS) [1]. The condition arises in the setting of both modifiable and nonmodifiable…

…infection. Suspected inflammatory disease: multiple sclerosis, Guillain–Barré syndrome, autoimmune encephalitis. Meningeal carcinomatosis and CNS involvement in haematological malignancy. Investigation of dementia with biomarkers (amyloid…

…multiple cardiac ion channels ( Dan et al ). Table 1. Singh–Vaughan Williams classification of antiarrhythmic drugs Class Definition Agents Class IA Na + channel blocker with…

…rhythm (with multiple ventricular premature beats) spontaneously converting to Torsade de Pointes ventricular tachycardia. Notice how arterial blood pressure (ABP) drops at the onset of…

…anatomical complexity of CAD, particularly in patients with multivessel disease or left main coronary artery disease . It integrates multiple variables, including the number of lesions…

…methods may also contribute. The cardioprotective effect is therefore likely to result from the cumulative influence of multiple modest dietary changes. Mediterranean type diets provide…

…therapeutic options cannot be pursued. Patients receiving digoxin may present with symptoms of digitalis toxicity, which manifests across multiple organ systems. Non cardiac symptoms include…

…In the earliest stages of ischemia, this may manifest as tall, positive hyperacute T waves [15]. Profound ST elevation across multiple leads generally indicates very…

…patterns: Type Angiographic appearance Diagnostic considerations Type 1 Contrast staining of the arterial wall with multiple lumens or radiolucent channels The classic appearance and usually…

…hypercontractility or hypersensitivity of coronary vascular smooth muscle to vasoconstrictor stimuli, including adrenergic agonists, leukotrienes, and serotonin. In patients with CAD, endothelial disruption may convert…

…reperfusion therapy. This approach fails to identify a substantial proportion of patients with acute coronary occlusion (ACO) who present without diagnostic ST elevation, often resulting…

…multiple cardiac ion channels ( Dan et al ). Table 1. Singh–Vaughan Williams classification of antiarrhythmic drugs Class Definition Agents Class IA Na + channel blocker with…

…Prognosis in aortic stenosis according to type of stenosis. The patients with low flow (stroke volume index <35 ml/m²) and low gradient (<40 mmHg…

…display multiple copies of a dense structure. Such artifacts are referred to as reverberations . Reverberations can also occur within a structure that has boundaries with…

…This has multiple effects which are discussed in detail below. This article will deal with the physiology of exercise and emphasis will be placed on…

…Combination therapy with multiple antihypertensives is often necessary to normalize blood pressure. Management of hypertension requires careful consideration of other cardiovascular risk factors and coexisting…

…shape of a hemisphere with multiple layers. Flow velocity is equal within each layer (depicted with different colors). (B) Schematic illustration of mitral regurgitation with…

…setting of stable ischemic heart disease, an atherosclerotic plaque causes ischemia when myocardial oxygen demand exceeds the oxygen supply. The most characteristic manifestation of ischemic…

…pressure in the left ventricle. Disturbance in ventricular relaxation results in the disruption of pressure conditions in the left ventricle. Ventricular pressure should drop rapidly…

…solitary or multiple and typically measure approximately 5–25 mm in diameter and 4–30 mm in depth. PAU is strongly associated with extensive atherosclerosis…

…aggregation. Because aspirin affects only one pathway of platelet activation, its antiplatelet effect is relatively limited compared with agents that inhibit other platelet pathways. The…

…renal vasculature or collecting system. With iodinated contrast, the observed renal dysfunction may therefore reflect a combination of: direct tubular toxicity; renal haemodynamic disturbance and…

…Stable chest pain CCTA is recommended as an initial test for diagnosing CAD in stable patients with: Low clinical likelihood or no previous diagnosis of…

…despite multiple antianginal agents and prior revascularization procedures. In many patients, the burden is sufficiently severe to limit ordinary activities and substantially impair quality of…

…entrenched in the endocardium with impaired mobility (for example, after myocardial infarction), most likely has a parietal thrombus. The presence of ecotdense masses on valves…

…for 2D echocardiography. One can identify these segments in multiple views. The basal part is divided into six segments of 60° each. The segments along…

…many decades ago and they have multiple drawbacks. For example, Bazett's formula is only suitable in adults with a heart rate between 60 and…

…the amount of gain as the depth increases; this compensates for the attenuation that occurs with increasing depth. TGC is adjusted using multiple controls that…

…relaxing vascular smooth muscle. They are contraindicated in patients with bronchospastic lung disease, or a history of significant reactive airway disease. Contraindications also include second…

…wall. Thus, with regards to measuring ventricular dimensions, trabeculae and papillary muscles are considered part of the left ventricular cavity. Other dimensions– including atrial dimensions…

…four chamber view. VTI is obtained in the same view with the sample volume placed in the center of the mitral annulus. SV mitral =…

…It should be noted that imaging of the right ventricle requires an experienced echocardiographer. Three dimensional (3D) echocardiography should be considered in laboratories with expertise…

…concept offers an easy way of expressing the energy cost of any exercise. The energy cost is expressed as multiples of the resting metabolic rate…

…multiplied by 100 to obtain percentage (%). Normal FS 25% (M Mode) 18% (Direct 2 D measurement) Tissue Doppler Tissue Dopplerrecords the speed and direction of…