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Acquired QT Prolongation and Drug-Induced Arrhythmia

…a multifactorial clinical entity that typically emerges when multiple modifiable and non modifiable risk factors converge. The electrophysiological mechanism underlying TdP involves prolonged ventricular repolarisation…

Atherosclerosis: Pathogenesis from Fatty Streak to Plaque Rupture

…a major site of disease, atherosclerosis is systemic and may affect multiple arterial territories. The arterial wall is biologically active. Endothelial and smooth muscle cells…

Invasive Coronary Angiography: Indications and Vascular Access

…is performed by advancing guidewires and diagnostic catheters from a percutaneous arterial access site to the aortic root, engaging the coronary ostia, and acquiring multiple…

Torsades de Pointes: Definition, Characteristics, and Management

…the co administration of multiple QT prolonging medications, and drug accumulation secondary to renal or hepatic impairment or the inhibition of cytochrome P450 metabolism [1…

Lumbar puncture

…or another CNS infection. Suspected inflammatory disease: multiple sclerosis, Guillain–Barré syndrome, autoimmune encephalitis. Meningeal carcinomatosis and CNS involvement in haematological malignancy. Investigation of dementia…

🟠 Antiarrhythmic drugs in acute ventricular arrhythmias (ventricular tachycardia, ventricular fibrillation)

…exert effects on multiple cardiac ion channels ( Dan et al ). Table 1. Singh–Vaughan Williams classification of antiarrhythmic drugs Class Definition Agents Class IA Na …

🟠 QTc Interval Calculator (Bazett’s, Fridericia’s, Hodge's and Framingham Formulas)

…the isoelectric baseline. The risk of ventricular fibrillation is very high during torsade de pointes . ECG showing an episode of sinus rhythm (with multiple ventricular…

🟠 SYNTAX Score

…of CAD, particularly in patients with multivessel disease or left main coronary artery disease . It integrates multiple variables, including the number of lesions, their location…

Dietary Patterns and Cardiovascular Outcomes

…The cardioprotective effect is therefore likely to result from the cumulative influence of multiple modest dietary changes. Mediterranean type diets provide polyphenols from extra virgin…

Digoxin: Dosing, Therapeutic Range and Toxicity Management

…be pursued. Patients receiving digoxin may present with symptoms of digitalis toxicity, which manifests across multiple organ systems. Non cardiac symptoms include headache, nausea, vomiting…

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