…TdP). Drug induced LQTS and TdP represent a multifactorial clinical entity that typically emerges when multiple modifiable and non modifiable risk factors converge. The electrophysiological…

…Although epicardial coronary arteries are a major site of disease, atherosclerosis is systemic and may affect multiple arterial territories. The arterial wall is biologically active…

…site to the aortic root, engaging the coronary ostia, and acquiring multiple angiographic projections. Although traditionally regarded as an anatomical examination, contemporary ICA can provide…

…Modifiable risk factors include electrolyte abnormalities such as hypokalemia, the co administration of multiple QT prolonging medications, and drug accumulation secondary to renal or hepatic…

…or non diagnostic CT. Suspected neuroborreliosis, neurosyphilis or another CNS infection. Suspected inflammatory disease: multiple sclerosis, Guillain–Barré syndrome, autoimmune encephalitis. Meningeal carcinomatosis and CNS…

…arrhythmias. The Singh Vaughan Williams classification fails to clarify that the majority of these agents exert effects on multiple cardiac ion channels ( Dan et al )…

…de pointes . ECG showing an episode of sinus rhythm (with multiple ventricular premature beats) spontaneously converting to Torsade de Pointes ventricular tachycardia. Notice how arterial…

…of CAD, particularly in patients with multivessel disease or left main coronary artery disease . It integrates multiple variables, including the number of lesions, their location…

…methods may also contribute. The cardioprotective effect is therefore likely to result from the cumulative influence of multiple modest dietary changes. Mediterranean type diets provide…

…the enzyme. By inhibiting this pump, digoxin affects multiple cellular processes critical to cardiac myocyte function, ultimately exerting a mild positive inotropic effect. Beyond its…

…positive hyperacute T waves [15]. Profound ST elevation across multiple leads generally indicates very severe ischemia [15]. A key distinguishing feature of ischemic ST elevation…

…connective tissue disorders, including Marfan syndrome and Ehlers–Danlos syndrome. FMD may be clinically occult and can affect multiple vascular territories, including the renal, carotid…

…by inhibiting myosin phosphatase activity. Patients with VA are generally younger than those with atherosclerotic non ST elevation acute coronary syndromes. Cigarette smoking is a…

…considers both the plaque and the patient. Multiple potentially high risk plaques may exist throughout the coronary tree, while inflammation and thrombotic susceptibility are often…

ECG Introduction The traditional classification of acute coronary syndromes (ACS) into ST segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI), non STEMI (NSTEMI), and unstable angina (UA) has…

…arrhythmias. The Singh Vaughan Williams classification fails to clarify that the majority of these agents exert effects on multiple cardiac ion channels ( Dan et al )…

…A Streptococcus ). Rheumatic heart disease can occur at any age and multiple valve lesions are common (typically the aortic and mitral valve). Rheumatic heart disease…

…Gallstone causing acoustic shadowing. Reverberations artifacts Ultrasound waves can be reflected multiple times between dense structures ( i.e structures with high echogenicity). For each reflection…

…occurs in LVH. Deep S wave in V5 or V6 ( 6 mm) Large RS complexes in multiple leads P pulmonale Figure 1. ECG changes seen…

…by withdrawing parasympathetic activity and increasing sympathetic activity. This has multiple effects which are discussed in detail below. This article will deal with the physiology…

…return to normal blood pressure (normotension). Combination therapy with multiple antihypertensives is often necessary to normalize blood pressure. Management of hypertension requires careful consideration of…

…a liquid approach a circular opening. The flow profile gradually assumes the shape of a hemisphere with multiple layers. Flow velocity is equal within each…

…ventricle is divided into 17 segments for 2D echocardiography. One can identify these segments in multiple views. Note that the terms ischemic heart disease (IHD…

…true; the stiffer the myocardium, the slower and less pronounced the relaxation. Left ventricular compliance Multiple factors affect ventricular compliance. These factors include age, afterload…

…from the ECG, without echocardiography. They then stress tested the model against multiple outcome definitions and validated it, with no fine tuning, in geographically and…

…is rare. Lesions may be solitary or multiple and typically measure approximately 5–25 mm in diameter and 4–30 mm in depth. PAU is…

…70 years Male sex Previous upper gastrointestinal disease Hepatic or renal disease Multiple cardiovascular risk factors Concomitant nonsteroidal anti inflammatory drugs Corticosteroid therapy Other antiplatelet…

… multiple myeloma or other renal disease; hepatic disease; concurrent nephrotoxic drugs, including NSAIDs; and repeated or high volume contrast exposure. Patients with multiple myeloma and…

…lumen and plaque morphology. Pathophysiological and Imaging Basis CT generates cross sectional images from x ray attenuation measurements obtained at multiple angles. Tissue attenuation is…

…chronic kidney disease (CKD), and multiple non cardiovascular conditions are frequent features. A proposed disease pathway involves systemic and coronary microvascular endothelial inflammation associated with…

…increased embolic potential include: Greater thrombus mobility. Protrusion into the LV cavity. Visualization on multiple imaging planes. Location adjacent to hyperkinetic myocardium. Large thrombus burden…

…placental abruption, disseminated intravascular coagulation, and multiple organ failure. In the absence of treatment, approximately 1 in 100 cases of preeclampsia may progress to eclampsia…

…an anginal equivalent caused by reversible ischaemia. Symptoms may remain present daily or weekly despite multiple antianginal agents and prior revascularization procedures. In many patients…

…often exhibit multiple villi . These myxomas are more likely to embolize (Cardiac Thromboembolism). There are genetic syndromes that result in the emergence of multiple myxomas…

…ventricle is divided into 17 segments for 2D echocardiography. One can identify these segments in multiple views. The basal part is divided into six segments…

…most commonly used formula. However, all above listed formulas were developed many decades ago and they have multiple drawbacks. For example, Bazett's formula is…

…occurs with increasing depth. TGC is adjusted using multiple controls that each represent a specific depth in the image (Figure 1). The bottom control adjusts…

…dosing is not weight based, simplifying administration. Dipyridamole Dipyridamole has multiple targets that contribute to its vasodilatory effects. It inhibits phosphodiesterases, particularly PDE3 and PDE5…

…examination include the following four imaging windows: Parasternal window Apical window Subcostal window (SC) Suprasternal window (suprasternal notch) Multiple views are obtained in each window…

…of cases, which is explained by the following: The aortic valve is easy to visualize and image quality is typically high in multiple views. The…

…Thickness, mobility and coaptation of the leaflets are assessed visually in multiple views. It should be noted that imaging of the right ventricle requires an…

…an easy way of expressing the energy cost of any exercise. The energy cost is expressed as multiples of the resting metabolic rate. For example…

…are blocked sporadically (without any Wenckebach phenomenon). The pauses between the visible beats are always multiples of the normal P P interval (Figure 3). Typically…

… LVESD = left ventricular end systolic diameter; The fraction is multiplied by 100 to obtain percentage (%). Normal FS 25% (M Mode) 18% (Direct 2 D…