…heterogeneity and perfusion defects in areas supplied by the disease artery. Thus, vasodilators replicate the effects of exercise on coronary arteries, without the need for…

…when multiple modifiable and non modifiable risk factors converge. The electrophysiological mechanism underlying TdP involves prolonged ventricular repolarisation, which allows for the recovery of time…

…focal arterial lesions. Although epicardial coronary arteries are a major site of disease, atherosclerosis is systemic and may affect multiple arterial territories. The arterial wall…

…multiple angiographic projections. Although traditionally regarded as an anatomical examination, contemporary ICA can provide complementary functional and structural information. Coronary pressure measurements permit assessment of…

…the co administration of multiple QT prolonging medications, and drug accumulation secondary to renal or hepatic impairment or the inhibition of cytochrome P450 metabolism [1…

…infection. Suspected inflammatory disease: multiple sclerosis, Guillain–Barré syndrome, autoimmune encephalitis. Meningeal carcinomatosis and CNS involvement in haematological malignancy. Investigation of dementia with biomarkers (amyloid…

…that the majority of these agents exert effects on multiple cardiac ion channels ( Dan et al ). Table 1. Singh–Vaughan Williams classification of antiarrhythmic drugs…

…with multiple ventricular premature beats) spontaneously converting to Torsade de Pointes ventricular tachycardia. Notice how arterial blood pressure (ABP) drops at the onset of TdP…

…anatomical complexity of CAD, particularly in patients with multivessel disease or left main coronary artery disease . It integrates multiple variables, including the number of lesions…

…methods may also contribute. The cardioprotective effect is therefore likely to result from the cumulative influence of multiple modest dietary changes. Mediterranean type diets provide…

…aldosterone levels. Clinical Presentation and Symptoms In the management of heart failure, digoxin improves hemodynamics without increasing heart rate or decreasing blood pressure, making it…

…In the earliest stages of ischemia, this may manifest as tall, positive hyperacute T waves [15]. Profound ST elevation across multiple leads generally indicates very…

…patterns: Type Angiographic appearance Diagnostic considerations Type 1 Contrast staining of the arterial wall with multiple lumens or radiolucent channels The classic appearance and usually…

…and multiple vessel spasm during provocation testing is also reported more frequently in East Asian populations. VA can occur as part of a more generalized…

…events in the presence of fixed coronary disease. More than one mechanism may operate simultaneously. Some acute coronary events occur without an identifiable culprit thrombus…

…reperfusion therapy. This approach fails to identify a substantial proportion of patients with acute coronary occlusion (ACO) who present without diagnostic ST elevation, often resulting…

…that the majority of these agents exert effects on multiple cardiac ion channels ( Dan et al ). Table 1. Singh–Vaughan Williams classification of antiarrhythmic drugs…

…a complication of rheumatic fever, which is caused by streptococcal infections (group A Streptococcus ). Rheumatic heart disease can occur at any age and multiple valve…

…waves can be reflected multiple times between dense structures ( i.e structures with high echogenicity). For each reflection, a portion of the sound waves return…

…in multiple leads P pulmonale Figure 1. ECG changes seen in left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) and right ventricular hypertrophy (RVH). The electrical vector of the…

…This has multiple effects which are discussed in detail below. This article will deal with the physiology of exercise and emphasis will be placed on…

…90–95% of individuals with hypertension have essential hypertension , also referred to as primary hypertension . Essential hypertension is defined as hypertension without an identifiable underlying…

…the shape of a hemisphere with multiple layers. Flow velocity is equal within each layer (depicted with different colors). (B) Schematic illustration of mitral regurgitation…

…ventricle is divided into 17 segments for 2D echocardiography. One can identify these segments in multiple views. Note that the terms ischemic heart disease (IHD…

…stretching of myocardial fibers). The opposite is also true; the stiffer the myocardium, the slower and less pronounced the relaxation. Left ventricular compliance Multiple factors…

…one defined entirely from the ECG, without echocardiography. They then stress tested the model against multiple outcome definitions and validated it, with no fine tuning…

…PAU is strongly associated with extensive atherosclerosis and frequently occurs in older patients with multiple vascular comorbidities. An isolated PAU is one without associated IMH…

…selection Aspirin should not be prescribed routinely to individuals without established ASCVD. Selection requires simultaneous consideration of: Estimated cardiovascular risk Baseline bleeding risk Age Diabetes…

…difficult. In patients with normal renal function, the occurrence of contrast induced AKI is negligible or very low. Risk rises substantially with chronic kidney disease…

…atherosclerotic plaque, and the severity and distribution of coronary stenosis. Modern cardiac CT can acquire a three dimensional cardiac dataset within approximately 5–15 seconds…

…are elevated. The syndrome is therefore defined by symptoms and signs of congestion or impaired cardiac performance rather than by ejection fraction alone. Heart failure…

…embolize systemically. Observational data indicate approximately a fourfold greater risk of embolic events in patients with LV thrombus than in matched patients without thrombus. Factors…

…may nevertheless be diagnosed without proteinuria when clinical symptoms or laboratory abnormalities indicate end organ injury. Eclampsia is the occurrence of new onset seizures or…

…despite multiple antianginal agents and prior revascularization procedures. In many patients, the burden is sufficiently severe to limit ordinary activities and substantially impair quality of…

…often exhibit multiple villi . These myxomas are more likely to embolize (Cardiac Thromboembolism). There are genetic syndromes that result in the emergence of multiple myxomas…

…for 2D echocardiography. One can identify these segments in multiple views. The basal part is divided into six segments of 60° each. The segments along…

…end of the T wave. The QT interval should be measured in 3 to 5 consecutive beats in leads II, V5 and V6. Leads without…

…adjusted using multiple controls that each represent a specific depth in the image (Figure 1). The bottom control adjusts gain at the bottom of the…

Echocardiography The standard transthoracic echocardiographic examination This chapter presents a sequential series of images that comprise a complete standard echocardiographic examination. The image views are…

…majority of cases, which is explained by the following: The aortic valve is easy to visualize and image quality is typically high in multiple views…

…mobility and coaptation of the leaflets are assessed visually in multiple views. It should be noted that imaging of the right ventricle requires an experienced…

…terminated. Reliability as a function of workload In order for the exercise test to be reliable, the patient must perform maximally, without risking serious complications…

…sinoatrial block impulses are blocked sporadically (without any Wenckebach phenomenon). The pauses between the visible beats are always multiples of the normal P P interval …

…multiplied by 100 to obtain percentage (%). Normal FS 25% (M Mode) 18% (Direct 2 D measurement) Tissue Doppler Tissue Dopplerrecords the speed and direction of…