…common cause. Ebstein's anomaly The prevalence of Ebstein's anomaly is approximately 1 case per 200.000 live births (Atthenhofer et al) . Figure 1…

…TdP). Drug induced LQTS and TdP represent a multifactorial clinical entity that typically emerges when multiple modifiable and non modifiable risk factors converge. The electrophysiological…

…Although epicardial coronary arteries are a major site of disease, atherosclerosis is systemic and may affect multiple arterial territories. The arterial wall is biologically active…

…site to the aortic root, engaging the coronary ostia, and acquiring multiple angiographic projections. Although traditionally regarded as an anatomical examination, contemporary ICA can provide…

…Modifiable risk factors include electrolyte abnormalities such as hypokalemia, the co administration of multiple QT prolonging medications, and drug accumulation secondary to renal or hepatic…

…or non diagnostic CT. Suspected neuroborreliosis, neurosyphilis or another CNS infection. Suspected inflammatory disease: multiple sclerosis, Guillain–Barré syndrome, autoimmune encephalitis. Meningeal carcinomatosis and CNS…

…arrhythmias. The Singh Vaughan Williams classification fails to clarify that the majority of these agents exert effects on multiple cardiac ion channels ( Dan et al )…

…de pointes . ECG showing an episode of sinus rhythm (with multiple ventricular premature beats) spontaneously converting to Torsade de Pointes ventricular tachycardia. Notice how arterial…

…of CAD, particularly in patients with multivessel disease or left main coronary artery disease . It integrates multiple variables, including the number of lesions, their location…

…methods may also contribute. The cardioprotective effect is therefore likely to result from the cumulative influence of multiple modest dietary changes. Mediterranean type diets provide…

…the enzyme. By inhibiting this pump, digoxin affects multiple cellular processes critical to cardiac myocyte function, ultimately exerting a mild positive inotropic effect. Beyond its…

…age) V2 to V3 Greater than or equal to 1.5 mm All patients Other leads Greater than or equal to 1 mm These criteria…

…connective tissue disorders, including Marfan syndrome and Ehlers–Danlos syndrome. FMD may be clinically occult and can affect multiple vascular territories, including the renal, carotid…

…Korea than in Western populations, and multiple vessel spasm during provocation testing is also reported more frequently in East Asian populations. VA can occur as…

…considers both the plaque and the patient. Multiple potentially high risk plaques may exist throughout the coronary tree, while inflammation and thrombotic susceptibility are often…

…ST elevation. Multiple studies have demonstrated the superior sensitivity of OMI criteria—including subtle and nontraditional ECG patterns such as De Winter T waves, Wellens…

…arrhythmias. The Singh Vaughan Williams classification fails to clarify that the majority of these agents exert effects on multiple cardiac ion channels ( Dan et al )…

…A Streptococcus ). Rheumatic heart disease can occur at any age and multiple valve lesions are common (typically the aortic and mitral valve). Rheumatic heart disease…

…g skeleton, calcifications, mechanical heart valves) and reflect virtually all sound waves, leaving too few waves to explore the area behind the reflector. This results…

…occurs in LVH. Deep S wave in V5 or V6 ( 6 mm) Large RS complexes in multiple leads P pulmonale Figure 1. ECG changes seen…

…by withdrawing parasympathetic activity and increasing sympathetic activity. This has multiple effects which are discussed in detail below. This article will deal with the physiology…

…return to normal blood pressure (normotension). Combination therapy with multiple antihypertensives is often necessary to normalize blood pressure. Management of hypertension requires careful consideration of…

…a liquid approach a circular opening. The flow profile gradually assumes the shape of a hemisphere with multiple layers. Flow velocity is equal within each…

…abnormalities. Assessment of wall motion abnormalities is particularly important in the setting of chronic or acute coronary artery disease. All types of ischemia– chronic, acute…

…true; the stiffer the myocardium, the slower and less pronounced the relaxation. Left ventricular compliance Multiple factors affect ventricular compliance. These factors include age, afterload…

…from the ECG, without echocardiography. They then stress tested the model against multiple outcome definitions and validated it, with no fine tuning, in geographically and…

…is rare. Lesions may be solitary or multiple and typically measure approximately 5–25 mm in diameter and 4–30 mm in depth. PAU is…

…show that aspirin can reduce non fatal cardiovascular events, but does not reduce cardiovascular or all cause mortality. Reported relative effects include: Approximately 11% reduction…

… multiple myeloma or other renal disease; hepatic disease; concurrent nephrotoxic drugs, including NSAIDs; and repeated or high volume contrast exposure. Patients with multiple myeloma and…

…lumen and plaque morphology. Pathophysiological and Imaging Basis CT generates cross sectional images from x ray attenuation measurements obtained at multiple angles. Tissue attenuation is…

…chronic kidney disease (CKD), and multiple non cardiovascular conditions are frequent features. A proposed disease pathway involves systemic and coronary microvascular endothelial inflammation associated with…

…increased embolic potential include: Greater thrombus mobility. Protrusion into the LV cavity. Visualization on multiple imaging planes. Location adjacent to hyperkinetic myocardium. Large thrombus burden…

…placental abruption, disseminated intravascular coagulation, and multiple organ failure. In the absence of treatment, approximately 1 in 100 cases of preeclampsia may progress to eclampsia…

…an anginal equivalent caused by reversible ischaemia. Symptoms may remain present daily or weekly despite multiple antianginal agents and prior revascularization procedures. In many patients…

…minority of cardiac tumors, occur in the heart tissue. Approximately 80% of all primary tumors are benign, and the remaining ones are malignant. • Secondary cardiac…

…perfusion and wall motion. Cardiac planes All imaging modalities define, orient and display the heart using the long axis of the left ventricle and selected…

…most commonly used formula. However, all above listed formulas were developed many decades ago and they have multiple drawbacks. For example, Bazett's formula is…

…Note that the image becomes more grainy as the zoom is increased. Gain: signal amplification The ultrasound machine amplifies all incoming (reflected) ultrasound waves. However…

…dosing is not weight based, simplifying administration. Dipyridamole Dipyridamole has multiple targets that contribute to its vasodilatory effects. It inhibits phosphodiesterases, particularly PDE3 and PDE5…

…examination include the following four imaging windows: Parasternal window Apical window Subcostal window (SC) Suprasternal window (suprasternal notch) Multiple views are obtained in each window…

…of cases, which is explained by the following: The aortic valve is easy to visualize and image quality is typically high in multiple views. The…

…an easy way of expressing the energy cost of any exercise. The energy cost is expressed as multiples of the resting metabolic rate. For example…

…As seen here, the rhythm is still regular and all complexes appear normal. Second degree sinoatrial (SA) block Second degree sinoatrial block is further subdivided…

… LVESD = left ventricular end systolic diameter; The fraction is multiplied by 100 to obtain percentage (%). Normal FS 25% (M Mode) 18% (Direct 2 D…