…is validated for the intensive care patient and totals 12 points: Mallampati III–IV (5 points), obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome (2 points), reduced neck mobility …

…with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF), and post myocardial infarction (MI) care. Despite their proven morbidity and mortality benefits, their use is limited by specific adverse…

…arrhythmic effects and lack of compelling data regarding morbidity and mortality benefits, digoxin has been ousted repeatedly from the standard of care for these conditions…

…treatment. Rehabilitation programmes that incorporate psychosocial care and, where appropriate, primary care personnel and home visits may reduce rehospitalization for recurrent ischaemia and infarction. Clinical…

…arrival to the care facility (typically the emergency room [ER]). It is recommended that the 12 lead ECG (conventional ECG) be used for interpretation of…

…therefore extends beyond reducing myocardial infarction, stroke, heart failure, or cardiovascular death. Preservation of mobility, cognition, independence, functional capacity, and quality of life may be…

…by examination alone. Assessment should include evaluation for: Hemodynamic instability or cardiogenic shock. Clinical heart failure. Recurrent ischemia or reinfarction. Ventricular tachyarrhythmia. Features suggesting systemic…

…the mass are indicative in diagnostics. A patient who exhibits an ecotdense mass entrenched in the endocardium with impaired mobility (for example, after myocardial infarction)…

…high, as compared with 2D echocardiography. M mode is useful for quantifying the mobility of structures and measuring dimensions. In order to obtain representative measurements…

…High Obesity 35.0–39.9 II Very high Extreme obesity ≥40 III Extremely high BMI is useful for screening and population level risk estimation…

…the preferred method for diagnosing tricuspid regurgitation. Causes of tricuspid regurgitation The most common causes of tricuspid regurgitation are as follows: Right ventricular dysfunction due…

Cardiology Hypertension is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. The individual and public health effects of hypertension are devastating. Due to the simplicity…

…most commonly used modality in echocardiography. The two dimensions presented are width (x axis) and depth (y axis). The standard ultrasound transducer for 2D echocardiography…

…Atrial Fibrillation and Atrial Thromboembolism Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common sustained cardiac arrhythmia and a profound driver of global cardiovascular morbidity and mortality…

…helps explain the neurological manifestations of preeclampsia and the potential for stroke even at blood pressure levels that might otherwise be considered only moderately elevated…

…dictate the urgency and modality of intervention [3] . By Duration: Non sustained VT (NSVT): Defined as three or more consecutive ventricular beats at a rate…

…temporal association is present; contrast induced AKI should be reserved for the smaller subgroup in which iodinated contrast is considered causally responsible. This distinction is…

…substantial morbidity and mortality, despite often having a greater burden of cardiovascular and non cardiovascular comorbidity than patients with reduced EF. Pathophysiology Abnormal ventricular relaxation…

…disease, and management should therefore address the entire arterial circulation. PAD is associated with increased cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, as well as limb complications. Atherosclerotic…

…based interventions. Many tachyarrhythmias carry a potential risk of serious morbidity or mortality, underscoring the need for a structured and guideline directed approach. This chapter…

…dilated in patients with pulmonary hypertension. Echocardiography in pulmonary regurgitation Echocardiography is the modality of choice for diagnosing pulmonary regurgitation. Continuous Doppler through the pulmonary…

…protocol beyond assessment for a pulsatile abdominal mass and associated manifestations. Screening for AAA General principles Duplex ultrasound is the preferred screening modality because it…

…LVEF greater than 40%—comprising HFmrEF and HFpEF—accounts for approximately half of patients with symptomatic heart failure. These patients experience substantial morbidity and mortality…

…to both ISR and stent thrombosis. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is currently the most suitable imaging modality for detecting neoatherosclerosis, although its resolution does not…

…ventricular arrhythmia, heart failure or cardiogenic shock. In chronic coronary disease, the principal symptomatic indication for revascularization is angina that remains refractory despite medical therapy…

…morbidity and mortality. This is presumably explained by a higher incidence of malignant ventricular arrhythmias. It has been suggested that the high risk of ventricular…

…and may reduce cardiovascular risk within several years, although risk may remain higher than that of never smokers for a prolonged period. In heavy smokers…

…It is a PCI related myocardial infarction when angiography or autopsy documents thrombosis and the diagnostic criteria used for type 1 myocardial infarction are fulfilled…

…strongest risk factor for developing atrial fibrillation is age. Other significant risk factors are as follows: male sex, hypertension, left ventricular hypertrophy, left ventricular dysfunction…

…and noncoronary cusp (NCC), showing the same branches as in panel A for cross modality comparison. Clinical features Occlusion of the left main coronary artery…

…ejection fraction (HFREF, Redfield et al). Echocardiography is the principal modality for investigating left ventricular systolic function and diastolic function. M mode, 2D echocardiography and…