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Incretins in Cardiometabolic Medicine: Leveraging GLP-1, GIP, and Glucagon Receptor Agonism for Cardiovascular Risk Reduction

…and Vascular Health GLP 1 RAs facilitate "metabolic reprogramming," shifting myocardial energy metabolism toward more efficient pathways. By modulating fatty acid uptake and mitochondrial function…

Levosimendan (Simdax, Simendan) in acute heart failure

…sensitization of troponin C; (2) vasodilatory actions; and (3) modulation of sarcolemmal and mitochondrial potassium ATP channels. Levosimendan alleviates heart failure symptoms, increases cardiac output…

The 3-phase model of sudden cardiac arrest

…phase 4 to 10 minutes Compressions and ventilation, followed by defibrillation Metabolic phase 10 minutes Unknown Table 1 . The 3 phase model of sudden cardiac…

The Fourth Universal Definition of Myocardial Infarction: Types 1–5

…sarcolemma. These changes may appear within 10–15 minutes of ischaemia. Mitochondrial abnormalities can occur even earlier after coronary occlusion and progress over time. Experimentally…

Relaxation of the left ventricle

…include age, afterload, myocardial synchronization and intracellular processes ( e.g intracellular calcium signaling, the sodium–potassium pump, mitochondrial function, actin myosin interactions, etc. ). Afterload Afterload…

Dilated Cardiomyopathy (DCM): Definition, Types, Diagnostics & Treatment

…and expressivity. Autosomal recessive, X linked recessive, and mitochondrial forms occur, albeit less frequently (McNally et al). Screening of family members is justified, including a…

Physics of myocardial perfusion imaging (SPECT, PET): Radiotracers, perfusion, blood flow and viability

…allowing high doses for better image quality. this tracer diffuses passively into cardiomyocytes, binding to mitochondria, with minimal redistribution. Thallium 201: This is a potassium…

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