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Acute exacerbation of COPD: quick reference

…Give short acting bronchodilators. 5. Give a systemic corticosteroid if the exacerbation is more than mild. 6. Assess the indication for antibiotics on the basis…

ACE Inhibitor Cough and Angioedema: Practical Management

…these adverse events are related to the suppression of the renin angiotensin aldosterone system (RAAS), such as decreases in blood pressure and mild azotemia. However…

Cardiac arrest in hyperthermia and malignant hyperthermia

…and may precipitate cardiac arrest. The classification of hyperthermia is delineated in Table 1 below. Severity Clinical presentation Treatment Mild hyperthermia Thirst. Weakness. Cold environment…

Hyponatraemia: quick reference for work-up and correction

…Grade Plasma sodium : : Mild 130 to 134 mmol/L Moderate 125 to 129 mmol/L Severe Below 125 mmol/L Duration Definition : : Acute Documented development…

Chronic Kidney Disease as a Cardiovascular Risk Factor

…may produce cardiorenal syndrome. Worsening renal function in the presence of persistent congestion is particularly associated with elevated central venous pressure, which is transmitted to…

Right Ventricular Infarction: Recognition and Haemodynamic Management

…The presentation may range from mild right ventricular impairment to cardiogenic shock. Patients with hypotension, marked low output, or persistent severe symptoms require close monitoring…

Abscess incision and drainage

…with a collection of pus. Persistent painful induration after a few days of antibiotics — suggests that an abscess has formed. Ultrasound settles the question when…

Anaphylaxis: quick reference for emergency management

…updated international grading comprises five levels, with mild skin and mucosal reactions in the lower grades and marked airway, respiratory or circulatory compromise in the…

🟠 Pulmonary valve

Pulmonary valve regurgitation Mild regurgiation Moderate regurgitation Severe regurgitation Pulmonary valve morphology normal normal/abnormal abnormal Density CW Doppler weak, slow deceleration variable dense, steep…

🟠 Mitral valve

Mitral valve regurgitation Primary parameters Mild regurgiation Moderate regurgitation Severe regurgitation Vena contracta (cm) < 0,3 0,3 0,69 0,69 EROA (cm²…

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