…in coronary perfusion pressure, typically within a range of 50 120 mmHg. This process is primarily mediated by local metabolic mechanisms, which adjust vascular tone…

…before the next inspiration. Phase 0 : Indicates the beginning of the next inspiration. Normal ETCO 2 : 38 mmHg (5 kPa) or 5%. Monitoring ETCO 2…

…checked with a capillary or venous measurement [5]. Treatment The awake patient who can swallow safely Give 15 to 20 g of rapid acting carbohydrate…

…Current diagnostic criteria According to the international consensus report of 2024, the diagnosis of DKA requires three components: diabetes or hyperglycaemia, ketosis and metabolic acidosis…

…apply to the anti inflammatory effect. They say nothing about the mineralocorticoid effect or about suppression of the HPA axis, where a long half life…

Endokrinologi & metabolism Lathundar An inpatient has a different insulin sensitivity from at home: less food, more stress, often corticosteroids, often impaired renal function. Prescribe basal…

…A systolic blood pressure of 100 mmHg or less, a MAP below 65 mmHg, delayed capillary refill, cold or mottled skin Metabolism and perfusion A…

…Endocrinology & metabolism Definition and pathophysiology Hypertriglyceridaemia (HTG) is defined by an increased concentration of circulating triglycerides. Both fasting and non fasting measurements provide prognostic information…

Cardiology Endocrinology & metabolism Definition and pathophysiology Primary aldosteronism (PA), also termed primary hyperaldosteronism or Conn syndrome, comprises disorders in which aldosterone secretion is inappropriately increased…

…as blood pressure ≥140/90 mmHg. Screening is particularly pertinent in the presence of hypokalaemia or treatment resistance. Hypokalaemia should not be permitted when assessing…