…Pressures in the heart and pulmonary circulation Flow, resistance and oxygen transport Formulas Mean arterial pressure (MAP) = diastolic + (systolic − diastolic)/3 Cardiac output =…

…produce demonstrable ischaemia. Functional assessment with pressure or flow measurements, intravascular imaging, or fractional flow reserve derived from computed tomography can refine interpretation. Coronary plaque…

…causes of symptoms should be considered. When plaque is present but stenosis is minimal or mild, symptoms are also unlikely to be caused by flow…

…preservation of adequate right ventricular preload while supporting left ventricular performance and systemic circulation. Improvement in left ventricular function also lowers pulmonary arterial and pulmonary…

…hemodynamic parameter used to quantify the ratio of pulmonary blood flow (Qp) to systemic blood flow (Qs). This measurement is pivotal in diagnosing and managing…

…is clinically secure and the LVEF measurement is reliable. Nevertheless, these findings increase diagnostic confidence. The presence of symptoms alone is insufficient. Anaemia and pulmonary…

…level of consciousness and PEF improve at the same time. Acute severe asthma is characterised by bronchospasm, mucosal oedema and mucus plugging. Expiratory flow limitation…

…information. Coronary pressure measurements permit assessment of the physiological significance of selected stenoses using fractional flow reserve (FFR) and instantaneous wave free ratio (iFR). Other…

…employed to evaluate myocardial perfusion by measuring the intensity of their uptake within the myocardium. Furthermore, certain radiotracers enable direct measurement of coronary blood flow…

…1. Measurement of mitral inflow velocities. Mitral E wave velocity The E wave represents passive blood flow from the left atrium to the left ventricle…