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Ventricular tachycardia (VT): ECG criteria, causes, classification, treatment

…to not disturb the patients' rest. It was believed that the mere presence of physicians and nurses caused harmful stress. Approximately 30% of patients died…

Sinus tachycardia & Inappropriate sinus tachycardia

…the heart rate exceeds 100 beats per minute. Although sinus tachycardia is the most common tachyarrhythmia, it may not always be straightforward to diagnose on…

Acute severe asthma in adults: quick reference

…become calm, quiet in the chest and stopped struggling may be about to stop breathing. Diminishing wheeze means improvement only if air entry, speech, work…

The 3-phase model of sudden cardiac arrest

…However, current guidelines do not consider this fact (beyond the recommendation to defibrillate immediately if cardiac arrest is witnessed and the rhythm is shockable). This…

Pulmonary embolism: quick reference for risk stratification and treatment

…do it. Otherwise the echocardiographic findings plus the clinical picture are sufficient for a treatment decision. Systemic thrombolysis is the first line treatment in high…

Exercise stress test (exercise ECG): protocols, evaluation & termination

…The standard deviation for maximum heart rate is around 10 beats per minute, which means that if the expected maximum heart rate is 160 min…

Introduction to Cardiac Pacing and Devices: Pacemaker, ICD, CRT

…the more efficient the pumping mechanism. Sequential activation means that the atria activate first, filling the ventricles with adequate volumes of blood before the ventricles…

Sinoatrial arrest & sinoatrial pause (sinus pause / arrest)

…does not possess automaticity, but cells surrounding it do. These cells are capable of generating an escape rhythm with a rate of 40 beats per…

The physiology of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR)

…al ). Current guidelines recommend a compression depth of 5–6 cm at a rate of 100–120 compressions per minute (Figure 1). These recommendations are…

Exercise stress test on cycle ergometer

Procedurer The value of the exercise test lies not in ST depression alone but in the overall picture : exercise capacity, symptoms, blood pressure response, heart…

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