…non STEMI (NSTEMI), and unstable angina (UA) has guided clinical decision making for decades but carries several limitations, most notably its reliance on ST segment…

…structural and ischemic heart disease. Assessment of ischemia on ECG is difficult in the presence of left bundle branch block. This is because left bundle…

…haemodynamic instability, anaemia and other nephrotoxic exposures may contribute to tubular injury, making attribution to contrast alone difficult. In patients with normal renal function, the…

…source material does not provide a distinct symptom profile, physical examination pattern or biomarker signature specific to CTOs. Evaluation and physical examination Evaluation should establish:…

…aged women. The condition is often under recognized or misdiagnosed, making accurate angiographic diagnosis particularly important. The precise initiating mechanism is incompletely defined. Several associations…

…structural heart disease (SHD) and structurally normal hearts, a division that profoundly influences prognosis and therapeutic decision making. Structural Heart Disease (SHD): Accounting for approximately…

…the diagnosis of HF Estimating disease severity and prognosis Contributing to longitudinal assessment and risk stratification They are useful in both acute and ambulatory presentations…

…ESC) Evidence based management/treatment. These 9 aspects are all necessary to become confident in ECG interpretation and making clinical decisions using the ECG. Interestingly…

…approximately 4–6 hours, making ALI a medical emergency in which prompt recognition, specialist assessment and restoration of perfusion are essential. The abrupt arterial obstruction…

…Coronary angiography remains primarily an anatomical examination, whereas contemporary decision making increasingly combines anatomical imaging with functional assessment. A central practical principle is that the…

…sound waves between the pulses. This is accomplished by using the same piezoelectric crystals to send and analyze sound waves. The crystals alternate rapidly between…

…renal function, left ventricular ejection fraction) to provide a more personalized risk assessment. Key Variables in SYNTAX Score II Anatomical SYNTAX Score : Derived from the…

…A convenient, bedside, clinical score for risk assessment at presentation: An intravenous nPA for treatment of infarcting myocardium early II trial substudy. Circulation. 2000 Oct…

…A convenient, bedside, clinical score for risk assessment at presentation: An intravenous nPA for treatment of infarcting myocardium early II trial substudy. Circulation. 2000 Oct…

…dyspnoea improves and sympathetic activation subsides, making it difficult to determine whether AF initiated the deterioration or resulted from it. AF has important consequences beyond…

…Consequently, prevention requires individualized assessment, careful monitoring, and shared decision making. Definition and Pathophysiology Aging related cardiovascular vulnerability Normal aging produces structural and functional cardiovascular…

…rate or decreasing blood pressure, making it a consideration for patients with low blood pressure secondary to a low cardiac output. Its primary clinical utility…

…information. Coronary pressure measurements permit assessment of the physiological significance of selected stenoses using fractional flow reserve (FFR) and instantaneous wave free ratio (iFR). Other…

…More than half of deaths attributable to ventricular fibrillation occur during the first hour, making rapid recognition, defibrillation capability and expedited reperfusion central to survival…

…arrest cases. Highly echogenic fluid indicates that the blood has coagulated, making it very challenging to drain using pericardiocentesis. In cases of cardiac tamponade, conventional…

…making it very likely that the coming guidelines by the American Heart Association (AHA) and American College of Cardiology (ACC) will be in line with…

…fixed to the tip of the transducer, frequently making it difficult to obtain representative sections of structures of interest. M mode can be combined with…

…making it very likely that the coming guidelines by the American Heart Association (AHA) and American College of Cardiology (ACC) will be in line with…

…8% Interpretation of ATRIA risk score. Comparison with other bleeding risk models Several bleeding risk assessment tools exist for patients with AF, including HAS BLED…

…CKD, clinicians should be aware of its limitations. In cases where precise GFR assessment is critical, especially in individuals with near normal kidney function, alternative…

…and routine follow up is usually sufficient. Shared decision making The calculator provides a quantitative estimate of SCD risk, which facilitates informed discussions between clinicians…

…Additionally, integrating functional assessments like fractional flow reserve (FFR) could enhance the score's predictive accuracy. The SYNTAX Score remains a cornerstone in the management…

…consideration of coronary angiography and possible revascularization. Revascularization may be selected for symptom relief after shared decision making, particularly when the anginal burden is high…

…hsCRP. Individual responses vary, making biochemical reassessment after treatment initiation or intensification necessary. Clinical evidence for cardiovascular benefit CLEAR Outcomes CLEAR Outcomes was a randomized…

…diminish or disappear. Others have no recognized history of angina or MI, making the distinction from primary dilated cardiomyopathy particularly difficult. When present, the clinical…

…becomes smaller, the transvalvular resistance increases, making it more difficult to eject blood into the aorta. In the early stages of aortic stenosis, stroke volume…

…and specificity. Nevertheless, to detect hypertrophy/dilatation using the ECG, a wide range of criteria and algorithms have been developed over the years. Most of…

…= 1), making this formula easier to handle. Velocity and direction of blood flow can be calculated by using the Doppler equation. Blood flow in…

…cardiac arrhythmias are being unraveled at an accelerating pace, making arrhythmology a field of intense research activity. This is partly due to the rise of…

…can further increase the amount of gain applied to incoming sound waves. This is done using gain control or time gain compensation (TGC) . Figure 1…

…Quantification of blood flow using PET Quantitative PET perfusion imaging offers precise measurements of myocardial blood flow in milliliters per minute per gram of tissue…