…only in claudication, but before every compression treatment of a leg ulcer and as a risk marker in diabetes and known atherosclerotic disease. An ABI…

…cm suggests undernutrition in adults Calf circumference Largest circumference < 31 cm is a screening marker for sarcopenia Body composition Measurement Women Men : : : Body fat…

…low stroke volume Capillary refill < 3 s A simple and validated marker of perfusion Lactate < 1.6 mmol/L Clearance over time is…

…Severely reduced G5 < 15 Kidney failure Albuminuria Albuminuria is an independent risk marker for both kidney failure and cardiovascular death — a patient with an…

…risk. Left Atrial Diameter (LA) : Enlargement of the left atrium is a marker of elevated left ventricular filling pressures and is linked to adverse outcomes…

…be more advanced than in people without diabetes. Carotid disease is also a marker of systemic cardiovascular risk. The presence of a carotid bruit is…

…incorporating relevant demographic variables; cystatin C may also be used as a filtration marker. CKD is one of the strongest independent risk factors for cardiovascular…

…lipid rich plaque. CAC nevertheless serves as a marker of the broader atherosclerotic process, including non calcified plaques that are not directly visualized by calcium…

…DASH style diets. Their effects are multidimensional and cannot be adequately inferred from changes in a single intermediate marker such as cholesterol. Dietary composition may…

…myocardial injury. Non ischaemic conditions, including myocarditis, rapid ventricular rate atrial fibrillation, marked anaemia, hypertensive emergency, heart failure, and end stage renal disease, may produce…