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Digoxin: Dosing, Therapeutic Range and Toxicity Management

…vomiting, generalized malaise, and visual disturbances such as altered color perception and halo vision. Cardiac toxicity presents as various arrhythmias, ranging from bradycardias related to…

LDL Cholesterol Targets Across Cardiovascular Risk Categories

…The risk categories are: 10 year ASCVD risk Category <5% Low 5% to <7.5% Borderline 7.5% to <20% Intermediate ≥20% High Management should…

Circulatory and haemodynamic parameters

…posterior wall) ≤ 0.9 cm ≤ 1.0 cm Left atrial volume index ≤ 34 mL/m² ≤ 34 mL/m² TAPSE 17 mm 17 mm E/e…

A new ECG biomarker for sudden cardiac death

…Low risk (blue) versus high risk (red) ECG morphs in lead aVL (adapted from Obermeyer et al 1 ). Representative single beat morphs for a low…

Bempedoic Acid: Evidence and Clinical Use

…rationale Bempedoic acid is an oral, small molecule lipid lowering agent used to reduce low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL C), particularly when statins cannot be…

Familial Hypercholesterolaemia: Diagnosis, Cascade Screening and Treatment

…Familial hypercholesterolaemia (FH) is an inherited disorder characterized by persistently elevated plasma low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL C) from early life and a consequent excess…

PCSK9 Inhibitors: Indications, Efficacy and Access

…Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) is a hepatic protein that regulates the availability of the low density lipoprotein receptor (LDL receptor) on hepatocytes…

Biventricular hypertrophy ECG and clinical characteristics

…dilatation Biventricular hypertrophy Simultaneous hypertrophy of the left and right ventricle is rather common. The ECG has low sensitivity with respect to detecting biventricular hypertrophy…

Exercise stress test on cycle ergometer

…recovery. A patient who stops at a low workload with a fall in blood pressure is a high risk patient even with normal ST segments…

Hypertensive crisis: quick reference for acute blood pressure lowering

…from a previously low level can cause organ damage at lower values, for example in pregnancy, acute glomerular disease or scleroderma renal crisis [1,2]…

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