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Digoxin: Dosing, Therapeutic Range and Toxicity Management

…vomiting, generalized malaise, and visual disturbances such as altered color perception and halo vision. Cardiac toxicity presents as various arrhythmias, ranging from bradycardias related to…

LDL Cholesterol Targets Across Cardiovascular Risk Categories

…The risk categories are: 10 year ASCVD risk Category <5% Low 5% to <7.5% Borderline 7.5% to <20% Intermediate ≥20% High Management should…

Circulatory and haemodynamic parameters

…when related to one another. A low blood pressure may be due to low flow, low vascular tone or both, and the appropriate action differs…

A new ECG biomarker for sudden cardiac death

…morphology, which replaces the sharp negative S wave seen in the low risk beat — the previously undescribed biomarker identified by the deep learning model. Predicting…

Bempedoic Acid: Evidence and Clinical Use

…rationale Bempedoic acid is an oral, small molecule lipid lowering agent used to reduce low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL C), particularly when statins cannot be…

Familial Hypercholesterolaemia: Diagnosis, Cascade Screening and Treatment

…years are an important clue to HoFH, especially when both parents have untreated LDL C levels compatible with HeFH. Evaluation and physical examination Assessment begins…

PCSK9 Inhibitors: Indications, Efficacy and Access

…Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) is a hepatic protein that regulates the availability of the low density lipoprotein receptor (LDL receptor) on hepatocytes…

Biventricular hypertrophy ECG and clinical characteristics

…left and right ventricle is rather common. The ECG has low sensitivity with respect to detecting biventricular hypertrophy. This is because the strong and oppositely…

Exercise stress test on cycle ergometer

…recovery. A patient who stops at a low workload with a fall in blood pressure is a high risk patient even with normal ST segments…

Hypertensive crisis: quick reference for acute blood pressure lowering

…damage. Conversely, a rapid rise in blood pressure from a previously low level can cause organ damage at lower values, for example in pregnancy, acute…

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