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Obesity and Cardiovascular Disease: Assessment and Treatment

…disease Reduced mobility Osteoarthritis and low back pain Symptoms of type 2 diabetes or metabolic syndrome Depression, low self esteem or body image disturbance The…

Injection technique — intramuscular, subcutaneous and intradermal

Procedurer Injection technique is treated as self evident and is therefore often done wrongly. The two commonest errors are that an intramuscular injection in fact…

Ventricular fibrillation, pulseless electrical activity and sudden cardiac arrest

…Unlike ventricular tachycardia, ventricular fibrillation seldom self terminates and death is imminent without immediate and resuscitative efforts. https://ecgwaves.com/course/sudden cardiac arrest and…

LDL Cholesterol Targets Across Cardiovascular Risk Categories

Cardiology Definition and pathophysiology Low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL C) is the principal therapeutic target in lipid management because LDL and other apolipoprotein B containing…

Circulatory and haemodynamic parameters

…hypertension Pulse pressure 40–60 mmHg A narrow pulse pressure suggests a low stroke volume Capillary refill < 3 s A simple and validated marker…

A new ECG biomarker for sudden cardiac death

…morphology, which replaces the sharp negative S wave seen in the low risk beat — the previously undescribed biomarker identified by the deep learning model. Predicting…

Bempedoic Acid: Evidence and Clinical Use

…rationale Bempedoic acid is an oral, small molecule lipid lowering agent used to reduce low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL C), particularly when statins cannot be…

Familial Hypercholesterolaemia: Diagnosis, Cascade Screening and Treatment

…Familial hypercholesterolaemia (FH) is an inherited disorder characterized by persistently elevated plasma low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL C) from early life and a consequent excess…

PCSK9 Inhibitors: Indications, Efficacy and Access

…Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) is a hepatic protein that regulates the availability of the low density lipoprotein receptor (LDL receptor) on hepatocytes…

Biventricular hypertrophy ECG and clinical characteristics

…left and right ventricle is rather common. The ECG has low sensitivity with respect to detecting biventricular hypertrophy. This is because the strong and oppositely…

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