…general, it is crucial to be familiar with these devices. This section is devoted to artificial pacemakers. More advanced devices (ICD, implantable cardioverter defibrillator; CRT…

…Definition and pathophysiology Cardiac implantable electronic devices (CIEDs) include permanent pacemakers, implantable cardioverter defibrillators (ICDs), and cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) devices. Implantable loop recorders are…

…Older pacemakers generate large and visible spikes, whereas newer models may generate very minute or even invisible spikes (at least in some leads). Pacemaker stimulated…

…Ω). The higher the resistance in the lead tip, the smaller the current used. Software settings The pacemaker software includes pre programmed algorithms and settings…

…the lead tip, and thus generate an action potential that will spread through the myocardium. Components of an artificial pacemaker Pacemakers consist of an implantable…

…waves. Undersensing may lead to overpacing . Failure to rate adjust, which means that the pacemaker fails to adjust its rate according to haemodynamic needs. This…

…inhibit the pacemaker. P waves The appearance of the P wave depends on where the atrial lead is fixed. Typically, the atrial lead is fixed…

…Transcutaneous pacing Equipment A defibrillator with a pacing function and self adhesive multifunction pads. A separate three lead ECG cable connected to the patient — the…

…P waves with constant morphology preceding every QRS complex. P wave is positive in limb lead II. Normal (physiological) causes of sinus bradycardia Sinus bradycardia…

…is the same. The sinoatrial (SA) node is the heart’s pacemaker under normal circumstances and the rhythm is referred to as sinus rhythm . Hence…