…Transcutaneous pacing takes seconds to start and can keep a patient alive until a transvenous lead is in place — but only if it is working…

…Older pacemakers generate large and visible spikes, whereas newer models may generate very minute or even invisible spikes (at least in some leads). Pacemaker stimulated…

…Such systems are referred to as single chamber systems . Nowadays, most implanted pacemakers are dual chamber systems , meaning that two leads are used: one in…

…the myocardium but instead the lead is anchored to the myocardium via tines (Figure 1). Unipolar vs. bipolar pacing Pacemakers can utilize either a unipolar…

…waves. Undersensing may lead to overpacing . Failure to rate adjust, which means that the pacemaker fails to adjust its rate according to haemodynamic needs. This…

…inhibit the pacemaker. P waves The appearance of the P wave depends on where the atrial lead is fixed. Typically, the atrial lead is fixed…

ECG The artificial pacemaker is one of the great medical inventions of the 20th century. Cardiac pacing has evolved from a hazardous experiment in the…

…P waves with constant morphology preceding every QRS complex. P wave is positive in limb lead II. Normal (physiological) causes of sinus bradycardia Sinus bradycardia…

…is the same. The sinoatrial (SA) node is the heart’s pacemaker under normal circumstances and the rhythm is referred to as sinus rhythm . Hence…

…for the immune system to reach the bacteria. Endocarditis can lead to the destruction of the valvular apparatus, as well as to embolization in the…