…alive until a transvenous lead is in place — but only if it is working, and the commonest source of error is believing that it is…

…rate faster than the base rate should inhibit the pacemaker. P waves The appearance of the P wave depends on where the atrial lead is…

…compared with implanting a permanent pacemaker and continuing the treatment. Commonly, patients with bradycardia have a strong indication for drugs that aggravate or cause bradycardia…

…CIEDs) include permanent pacemakers, implantable cardioverter defibrillators (ICDs), and cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) devices. Implantable loop recorders are diagnostic devices rather than pacing or defibrillation…

…starts discharging. Less than 3 consecutive beats (or from a latent pacemaker (or any other ectopic focus) are referred to as escape beats. Three or…

…risk factor than the ventricular rate. The longer the duration of the tachyarrhythmia, the greater the risk of cardiomyopathy. Pathophysiology Prolonged tachyarrhythmias lead to the…

…is positive in lead II (and also I and aVF). Arrhythmias Sinus tachycardia Sinus tachycardia exists if the heart rate is higher than the upper…

…to arrhythmias. Note that other causes of wide QRS complex must always be considered. For example, Wolff Parkinson White syndrome (WPW), pacemaker stimulated beats, electrolyte…

…tachycardia A regular rhythm with P waves that differ in contour from sinus P waves. If the P waves in lead II are retrograde (negative)…

…of such signals normally inhibits the pacemaker. Oversensing may lead to underpacing . Failure to sense (undersensing) , which means that it fails to sense true P…