Cardiology Endocrinology & metabolism Definition and Pathophysiology Metabolic syndrome is a clustering of cardiometabolic abnormalities centred on abdominal adiposity, insulin resistance, dyslipidaemia, elevated blood pressure and…

…as commonly occurs with obesity, diabetes, prediabetes, insulin resistance, metabolic syndrome, and hypertriglyceridaemia. Because triglyceride rich particles contribute additional cholesterol—often approximately 30 mg/dL…

…bioactive compounds from nuts; and antioxidant and antithrombotic constituents from whole grains. These combined effects may improve inflammation, insulin resistance, glucose metabolism, hypertension, atherogenic dyslipidaemia…

…dL ( 5.6 mmol/L) Triglyceride rich lipoproteins, remnant lipoproteins and insulin resistance are associated with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD), particularly in peripheral arterial disease…

…higher prevalence of conventional cardiovascular risk factors. Smoking and insulin resistance are associated with both RA and cardiovascular risk. Dyslipidaemia may be difficult to interpret…

…Plasma volume expansion Myocardial remodelling and fibrosis These processes form part of the broader cardiovascular kidney metabolic syndrome, in which adiposity, insulin resistance, diabetes, hypertension…

…particularly in patients with: Diabetes or other cardiometabolic risk factors Obesity Insulin resistance or metabolic syndrome Elevated triglycerides Low or apparently well controlled LDL C…

…low grade systemic inflammation Insulin resistance Abnormal adipokine signalling Endothelial dysfunction Dyslipidaemia A prothrombotic state Albuminuria and declining estimated glomerular filtration rate Development of type…

…high value As required, in addition to the mealtime dose Never stop basal insulin in a person with type 1 diabetes , not even before fasting…

…or arrhythmia. 4. Shift potassium into the cells with insulin and glucose. Add high dose salbutamol in marked hyperkalaemia if there is no contraindication. 5…

…antipsychotics, hydroxocobalamin, adrenaline in anaphylaxis, ceftriaxone, ferric carboxymaltose Rapid, 10–20 min Subcutaneous (SC) Insulin, low molecular weight heparin, GLP 1 analogues, methotrexate, biological agents…

…blocker Glucagon IV Calcium flow inhibitor (calcium blocker) Calcium iv High dose insulin with glucose IV Carbamates Atropine Pralidoxime chloride Cyanide hydroxocobalamin Cyanide antidote kit …

…evening. See the quick reference on inpatient insulin therapy Peptic ulcer A proton pump inhibitor with concomitant NSAID use or a history of ulcer, not…

…blood ketones ≥ 3 mmol/L and acidosis, the ketosis must be treated immediately with DKA dose insulin, while the osmolality is corrected cautiously [1,3…

…later targeted analysis. Initial monitoring and investigations Investigation Comment : : Plasma glucose Taken immediately and repeated in impaired consciousness, or with insulin, a sulfonylurea, a beta…

…diuretics, ACE inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) may also cause hyperkalemia. Insulin deficiency, Addison's disease and digoxin intoxication may also cause hyperkalemia. ECG…