…endoscopy DPP 4 inhibitor A low risk of hypoglycaemia; it can usually be continued Red flags and pitfalls Stopping basal insulin in type 1 diabetes…

…evening. See the quick reference on inpatient insulin therapy Peptic ulcer A proton pump inhibitor with concomitant NSAID use or a history of ulcer, not…

…remnants may provide a more accurate assessment of atherogenic burden than LDL cholesterol alone in patients with diabetes. Insulin resistance is accompanied by compensatory hyperinsulinaemia…

…calcium in the presence of hyperkalaemic ECG changes or arrhythmia. 4. Shift potassium into the cells with insulin and glucose. Add high dose salbutamol in…

…if possible, otherwise give IM with a fine needle and 5 minutes of compression. Anticoagulant treatment is not in itself a bar to vaccination. Relative…

…initial and on treatment assessment. In most studies, its association with cardiovascular risk is at least as strong as, and often stronger than, that of…

…insulin resistance, glucose metabolism, hypertension, atherogenic dyslipidaemia, endothelial biology and platelet related pathways. The source material also describes possible antiarrhythmic effects, associated with reductions in…

…transplant medications, including corticosteroids, cyclosporine and sirolimus In transplantation, corticosteroids can promote insulin resistance, free fatty acid synthesis and very low density lipoprotein production. Cyclosporine…

…and drug toxicity In adolescents and young adults, intoxication events leading to cardiac arrest are notably prevalent, primarily due to the misuse of prescription medications…

…electrolyte concentrations and level of care. This quick reference is intended primarily for adults and summarises the order in which measures are taken and the…

…early for later targeted analysis. Initial monitoring and investigations Investigation Comment : : Plasma glucose Taken immediately and repeated in impaired consciousness, or with insulin, a sulfonylurea…

…Behçet disease can cause both arterial and venous thrombosis. In SLE, renal artery involvement may contribute to difficult to control hypertension. The cardiovascular consequences of

…Neurohormonal activation Plasma volume expansion Myocardial remodelling and fibrosis These processes form part of the broader cardiovascular kidney metabolic syndrome, in which adiposity, insulin resistance…

…factors Obesity Insulin resistance or metabolic syndrome Elevated triglycerides Low or apparently well controlled LDL C with suspected residual atherogenic particle burden In patients with…

…fibrillation and cardiovascular events. In clinical practice, obesity is conventionally defined by a body mass index (BMI) of ≥30 kg/m2. Severe obesity is generally…

…Insulin deficiency, Addison's disease and digoxin intoxication may also cause hyperkalemia. ECG in mild hyperkalemia (potassium 6,0 mmol/L) The earliest sign of…