…insulin (intermediate or long acting) Covers fasting glucose production Everyone with type 1 diabetes, always, including while fasting. Many with type 2 Mealtime insulin (rapid…

…centre , which in most countries is staffed around the clock for health care professionals. Contact the centre early in serious, unusual or unclear poisoning, with…

…or arrhythmia. 4. Shift potassium into the cells with insulin and glucose. Add high dose salbutamol in marked hyperkalaemia if there is no contraindication. 5…

…rather than isolated nutrients considered independently. For cardiometabolic health, the most favourable patterns generally contain more minimally processed, fibre rich and bioactive foods, including fruits…

…is normal or low. Clinical Significance Non HDL C is strongly associated with cardiovascular risk for both initial and on treatment assessment. In most studies…

…levels do not have any effect on the ECG, nor cardiac rhythm, or impulse conduction. 2. Calcium Hypercalcemia Causes of hypercalcaemia Primary hyperparathyroidism and malignancies…

…evening. See the quick reference on inpatient insulin therapy Peptic ulcer A proton pump inhibitor with concomitant NSAID use or a history of ulcer, not…

…and bicarbonate ≥ 15 mmol/L Hyperosmolality Not required Effective osmolality 300 mosm/kg or total osmolality 320 mosm/kg Typical patient Often type 1 diabetes…

…Adipokine imbalance contributes to insulin resistance, β cell failure, endothelial dysfunction and atherosclerosis. Ectopic fat deposited around or within the heart and kidneys may exert…

…depot antipsychotics, hydroxocobalamin, adrenaline in anaphylaxis, ceftriaxone, ferric carboxymaltose Rapid, 10–20 min Subcutaneous (SC) Insulin, low molecular weight heparin, GLP 1 analogues, methotrexate, biological…

…Recognised causes include: Diabetes and insulin resistance Thyroid disease Kidney disease Excessive alcohol consumption Diets high in carbohydrate or fat Glucocorticoids Beta blockers Oestrogen therapy…

…gastrointestinal perforation or obstruction is suspected. If the patient is intubated, administer activated charcoal through a gastric tube at a dose of 0.5 g…

…atherosclerosis and premature myocardial infarction Coronary microvascular dysfunction Myocarditis and pericarditis Coronary or large vessel arteritis Pulmonary arterial vasculopathy and pulmonary hypertension Arterial and venous…

…pathophysiology Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is defined by abnormalities of renal structure or function that persist for more than 3 months and have health implications…

…myocardial infarction or stroke—should be estimated. The risk categories are: 10 year ASCVD risk Category <5% Low 5% to <7.5% Borderline 7.5%…

…body composition, fat distribution, skeletal muscle mass, physical fitness or individual health status. In particular, it cannot distinguish adipose tissue from lean mass. Waist circumference…