…intermediate or long acting) Covers fasting glucose production Everyone with type 1 diabetes, always, including while fasting. Many with type 2 Mealtime insulin (rapid acting)…

…Marked Short, 8–12 hours Prednisolone 5 mg Moderate Intermediate, 12–36 hours Methylprednisolone 4 mg Low Intermediate Betamethasone 0.6 mg None Long, 36…

…inferred from changes in a single intermediate marker such as cholesterol. Dietary composition may influence blood pressure, glucose–insulin homeostasis, lipids and apolipoproteins, endothelial function…

Cardiology Endocrinology & metabolism Definition and Pathophysiology Metabolic syndrome is a clustering of cardiometabolic abnormalities centred on abdominal adiposity, insulin resistance, dyslipidaemia, elevated blood pressure and…

…4. Shift potassium into the cells with insulin and glucose. Add high dose salbutamol in marked hyperkalaemia if there is no contraindication. 5. At the…

…antipsychotics, hydroxocobalamin, adrenaline in anaphylaxis, ceftriaxone, ferric carboxymaltose Rapid, 10–20 min Subcutaneous (SC) Insulin, low molecular weight heparin, GLP 1 analogues, methotrexate, biological agents…

…as commonly occurs with obesity, diabetes, prediabetes, insulin resistance, metabolic syndrome, and hypertriglyceridaemia. Because triglyceride rich particles contribute additional cholesterol—often approximately 30 mg/dL…

…500 mg/dL ( 5.6 mmol/L) ≥500 mg/dL ( 5.6 mmol/L) Triglyceride rich lipoproteins, remnant lipoproteins and insulin resistance are associated with…

…blocker Glucagon IV Calcium flow inhibitor (calcium blocker) Calcium iv High dose insulin with glucose IV Carbamates Atropine Pralidoxime chloride Cyanide hydroxocobalamin Cyanide antidote kit …

…blood ketones ≥ 3 mmol/L and acidosis, the ketosis must be treated immediately with DKA dose insulin, while the osmolality is corrected cautiously [1,3…

…later targeted analysis. Initial monitoring and investigations Investigation Comment : : Plasma glucose Taken immediately and repeated in impaired consciousness, or with insulin, a sulfonylurea, a beta…

…higher prevalence of conventional cardiovascular risk factors. Smoking and insulin resistance are associated with both RA and cardiovascular risk. Dyslipidaemia may be difficult to interpret…

…Plasma volume expansion Myocardial remodelling and fibrosis These processes form part of the broader cardiovascular kidney metabolic syndrome, in which adiposity, insulin resistance, diabetes, hypertension…

…particularly in patients with: Diabetes or other cardiometabolic risk factors Obesity Insulin resistance or metabolic syndrome Elevated triglycerides Low or apparently well controlled LDL C…

…low grade systemic inflammation Insulin resistance Abnormal adipokine signalling Endothelial dysfunction Dyslipidaemia A prothrombotic state Albuminuria and declining estimated glomerular filtration rate Development of type…

…diuretics, ACE inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) may also cause hyperkalemia. Insulin deficiency, Addison's disease and digoxin intoxication may also cause hyperkalemia. ECG…