…few days. Principles Insulin component Function Who needs it : : : Basal insulin (intermediate or long acting) Covers fasting glucose production Everyone with type 1 diabetes, always…

…containing lipoproteins, including: LDL Intermediate density lipoprotein (IDL) Lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)] Very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) Chylomicrons and other triglyceride rich particles Thus, non…

…multidimensional and cannot be adequately inferred from changes in a single intermediate marker such as cholesterol. Dietary composition may influence blood pressure, glucose–insulin homeostasis…

…evening. See the quick reference on inpatient insulin therapy Peptic ulcer A proton pump inhibitor with concomitant NSAID use or a history of ulcer, not…

…are: 10 year ASCVD risk Category <5% Low 5% to <7.5% Borderline 7.5% to <20% Intermediate ≥20% High Management should incorporate the estimated…

…Adipokine imbalance contributes to insulin resistance, β cell failure, endothelial dysfunction and atherosclerosis. Ectopic fat deposited around or within the heart and kidneys may exert…

…or arrhythmia. 4. Shift potassium into the cells with insulin and glucose. Add high dose salbutamol in marked hyperkalaemia if there is no contraindication. 5…

…marked coagulopathy or thrombocytopenia (< 50 ×10⁹/L) — choose the subcutaneous route if possible, otherwise give IM with a fine needle and 5 minutes of…

…Recognised causes include: Diabetes and insulin resistance Thyroid disease Kidney disease Excessive alcohol consumption Diets high in carbohydrate or fat Glucocorticoids Beta blockers Oestrogen therapy…

…gastrointestinal perforation or obstruction is suspected. If the patient is intubated, administer activated charcoal through a gastric tube at a dose of 0.5 g…

…DKA dose insulin, while the osmolality is corrected cautiously [1,3]. Euglycaemic DKA Euglycaemic DKA means ketosis and metabolic acidosis despite a normal or only…

…Comment : : Plasma glucose Taken immediately and repeated in impaired consciousness, or with insulin, a sulfonylurea, a beta blocker or liver failure Blood gas pH, pCO2…

…atherosclerosis and premature myocardial infarction Coronary microvascular dysfunction Myocarditis and pericarditis Coronary or large vessel arteritis Pulmonary arterial vasculopathy and pulmonary hypertension Arterial and venous…

…pathophysiology Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is defined by abnormalities of renal structure or function that persist for more than 3 months and have health implications…

…body composition, fat distribution, skeletal muscle mass, physical fitness or individual health status. In particular, it cannot distinguish adipose tissue from lean mass. Waist circumference…

…levels do not have any effect on the ECG, nor cardiac rhythm, or impulse conduction. 2. Calcium Hypercalcemia Causes of hypercalcaemia Primary hyperparathyroidism and malignancies…