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Acute kidney injury: quick reference for management

…Definition and staging according to KDIGO Acute kidney injury is present when at least one of the following criteria is met [1]: A rise in…

The Fourth Universal Definition of Myocardial Infarction: Types 1–5

…myocardial injury , demonstrated by a rise and/or fall in cTn with at least one value above the 99th percentile URL; and Clinical evidence of…

Reduction of dislocations

…ASA class and the airway beforehand. Procedure Anterior shoulder dislocation The commonest of all dislocations. There is a hollow beneath the acromion, the arm is…

Complications of Coronary Angiography and Vascular Access Management

…with acute coronary syndrome, randomized evidence has demonstrated lower rates of access site bleeding, surgical repair, and blood transfusion with radial access. Radial access has…

Immediate Management of Type A and Type B Aortic Dissection

…of acute aortic syndrome (AAS), alongside intramural haematoma, penetrating atherosclerotic ulcer, aortic pseudoaneurysm and traumatic aortic injury. In classic dissection, an intimal tear permits blood…

Myocardial Injury Versus Infarction: Interpreting Troponin Elevation

…and Pathophysiology Myocardial injury Myocardial injury is a biochemical diagnosis defined by at least one cardiac troponin value above the assay specific 99th percentile upper…

STEMI: Primary PCI and System-of-Care Time Targets

…objective is restoration of blood flow to the infarct related myocardial territory and limitation of infarct size. The extent of myocardial injury is strongly influenced…

Contrast-Associated Acute Kidney Injury: Risk Assessment and Prevention

…effects of contrast exposure and other ischaemic or nephrotoxic stresses. The kidney is particularly vulnerable to toxic injury because of its high blood flow and…

Cardiovascular effects of COVID-19 (Coronavirus Disease 2019)

…al, JAMA Cardiology (2020). Guo et al reported that 27.8% (52 of 187 patients) had myocardial injury, defined as elevated troponin T levels (TnT)…

Fourth Universal Definition of Myocardial Infarction: Types 1–5

…with at least one value above the 99th percentile upper reference limit (URL). The injury is considered acute if there is a documented rise and…

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