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Reduction of dislocations

…longer a joint remains dislocated, the harder the reduction becomes and the greater the risk of chondral and neurovascular injury. Aim for reduction within a…

Acute kidney injury: quick reference for management

…marker of function and may rise only after a substantial fall in glomerular filtration. The value is affected by muscle mass, nutrition, drugs and fluid…

Statin Intolerance and Statin-Associated Muscle Symptoms

…myositis with muscle inflammation and elevated CK. Rhabdomyolysis is a rare, severe form of muscle injury. The biological basis of many reported muscle symptoms remains…

Myocardial Injury Versus Infarction: Interpreting Troponin Elevation

…are components of the myocardial contractile apparatus and are expressed predominantly in cardiac muscle. Troponin I is highly specific for myocardial injury. Interpretation of troponin…

Cardiac troponin I (TnI) and T (TnT): Interpretation and evaluation in acute coronary syndromes

…are cardiac specific isoforms of troponin and these are abbreviated cTnI, cTnT, and cTnC. The isoforms cTnI and cTnT are specific to cardiac muscle cells…

🟠 eGFR with MDRD

…consisting of individuals with CKD, limiting its accuracy when applied to healthy populations or those with acute kidney injury. Influence of Muscle Mass and Diet…

Acute Limb Ischaemia: Recognition and Urgent Management

…perfusion of an upper or lower limb that causes tissue metabolic requirements to exceed available blood flow. The resulting ischaemia threatens skeletal muscle and peripheral…

Type 2 Myocardial Infarction: Mechanisms and Management

…endothelial dysfunction, smooth muscle cell dysfunction, and dysregulation of sympathetic innervation), coronary embolism, and spontaneous coronary artery dissection with or without intramural haematoma. Spontaneous coronary…

ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction Complicated by Cardiogenic Shock

…and less often to the abdomen, back, lower jaw, neck, or occipital region. It typically occurs at rest, lasts longer than ordinary angina, and does…

ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction: Diagnosis and Electrocardiographic Criteria

…portion of the chest or the epigastrium and occasionally radiates to the arms. Less common sites of radiation include the abdomen, back, lower jaw, and…

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