…is not necessary to confirm cardiac arrest. Skin color is pale or cyanotic, but this may be difficult to discern depending on the skin tone…

…no absolute contraindications — the procedure is life saving and necessary respectively. Otherwise: Type Contraindication : : Absolute No safe pocket of fluid to puncture (no ultrasound verified…

…because injured skeletal muscle may express proteins detected by some troponin T assays. Troponin can enter the circulation through mechanisms that do not necessarily involve…

…DW, Wickman LL, Swart GL. The hemodynamic and arterial blood gas response to asphyxiation: a canine model of pulseless electrical activity. Resuscitation 1995; 30:16975…

…the blood. Asphyxia is characterized by insufficient ventilation, leading to hypoxia. Etiologies of hypoxic cardiac arrest : Trauma and injuries : Direct trauma can cause airway injuries…

…airway and thoracic injuries. Tension pneumothorax : Tension pneumothorax increases intrathoracic pressure, which subsequently compresses larger thoracic veins and thus inhibits venous return to the heart…

…circulatory flow arrest. No flow time : The duration (minutes) from circulatory collapse to initiation of CPR. During no flow there is no cerebral perfusion and…

…hours ( Soar et al ). The causes of death among these patients are complications related to PACS: 60% die from neurological injuries. 30% die from hemodynamic…

…injuries to the mediastinum can cause tamponade. Post operative Complications : Post surgical complications following thoracic procedures can cause tamponade. Tamponade with swinging heart of the…

…Increasing frequency and duration before substantially increasing intensity may reduce overuse injuries. The practical principle is to begin at a low level and progress slowly…

…with progression, hyperglycaemia and pancreatic β cell dysfunction. These abnormalities initiate self perpetuating metabolic and inflammatory pathways that injure the vasculature, heart and kidneys. Advanced…

…that symptoms and vital signs contribute to initial triage and that alternative cardiac and thoracic diagnoses must be considered. The immediate clinical categories include: Non…