…Myocardial ischemia/infarction Lesions due to heart surgery Myocarditis Collagen disease Amyloidosis Risk of supraventricular tachyarrhythmia (tachycardia) Sinus node dysfunction is also associated with a…

…of other forms of acute tubular necrosis, although the complication remains associated with post procedural morbidity and mortality. Pathophysiology The precise mechanism of contrast induced…

…muscle disorders Acute infection Renal or hepatic impairment Hypothyroidism Vitamin D deficiency Concomitant interacting medications The SLCO1B1 rs4149056 polymorphism is associated with higher statin concentrations…

Procedurer For many patients a gynaecological examination is associated with a sense of exposure, and technically correct performance is only half the task. The examination…

…neutropenic fever is limited, but delayed antibiotics are associated with a worse outcome in sepsis and in several studies of neutropenic patients. In septic shock…

…Its relationship with cardiovascular risk is nonlinear: even light smoking carries a substantial proportion of the excess ischaemic heart disease risk associated with heavy smoking…

…associated, or associated with conditions such as systemic sclerosis, HIV infection, cirrhosis, and sickle cell disease. The classification also recognizes vasoreactivity subgroups among patients with…

…mmHg for 15 minutes, or a need for a vasopressor), obstructive shock or cardiac arrest with suspected pulmonary embolism. Urgent bedside echocardiography, looking for right…

…patient has a confirmed diagnosis of pheochromocytoma Treatment of hypertension associated with pheochromocytoma; treatment of dermal necrosis after extravasation of drugs with á adrenergic effects…

…used to identify thin cap fibroatheroma, a plaque phenotype associated with subsequent major adverse cardiovascular events in observational studies. OCT OCT uses near infrared light…

…of STEMI associated with obstructive atherosclerotic disease. Patients with MINOCA tend to be younger and more often female than patients with atherosclerotic mediated myocardial infarction…

…infective endocarditis, and cardiac amyloidosis using appropriate radiopharmaceuticals. Functional perfusion imaging primarily identifies haemodynamically important disease. Non obstructive coronary atherosclerosis not associated with demonstrable ischaemia…

…ischaemia. The absence of obstructive disease therefore does not establish a benign diagnosis. ANOCA/INOCA is associated with recurrent symptoms, impaired quality of life, repeated…

…also influence prognosis. Major depression after infarction is associated independently with increased mortality, while inadequate emotional support is associated with recurrent cardiac events. One possible…

…LV endocardium, typically overlying an akinetic or dyskinetic myocardial segment after myocardial infarction (MI). It is particularly associated with extensive anterior or transmural infarction, apical…

…PCI. Type 4b MI: MI caused by stent thrombosis. Type 4c MI: MI associated with in stent restenosis. Type 5 MI: MI related to CABG…

…In patients with pericarditis complicated by constriction, symptoms and signs of right sided heart failure may predominate. Pericardial effusions associated with post infarction pericarditis are…

…haemodynamic deterioration. Inferior infarction is associated with basal septal perforation and a worse prognosis than the typically apical defect associated with anterior infarction. Ventricular free…

…intervention while limiting major and clinically relevant bleeding. Long term antiplatelet therapy after STEMI is associated with approximately a 25% reduction in recurrent infarction, stroke…

…for a type 1 MI. Type 5 MI: Represents a periprocedural myocardial infarction associated with coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG). Clinical Presentation and Symptoms The…

…apoptosis, and release from an early cytosolic pool have all been associated with detectable troponin. High sensitivity assays may therefore identify a continuum of myocardial…

…Posterior involvement is commonly associated with inferior or lateral myocardial infarction. Consequently, posterior infarction should not be regarded as an isolated electrocardiographic pattern in every…

…Unlike HFrEF, where epicardial ischemic heart disease and myocardial infarction are primary drivers, HFpEF is more frequently associated with coronary microvascular dysfunction, though epicardial coronary…

…segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) is an acute coronary syndrome characterized clinically by acute myocardial ischaemic symptoms or equivalent presentations together with persistent ST segment…

…a high negative predictive value (93%) for myocardial infarction. Moreover, fragmented QRS is associated with an increased risk of sudden cardiac death and ventricular arrhythmias…

…unrelated to acute atherothrombosis Type 3 Cardiac death with suspected acute ischaemia before biomarker confirmation Type 4a MI associated with percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) Type…

…syndrome and the haemodynamic consequences of the culprit lesion. Patients may present with ST segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI), non ST elevation ACS (NSTE ACS)…

…procedures overall. It is particularly associated with intervention on degenerated saphenous vein grafts (SVGs), rotational atherectomy, and procedures performed for acute myocardial infarction. In SVG…

…ischemia and infarction Definition and Pathophysiology Unstable angina (UA) is an acute coronary syndrome characterized by myocardial ischaemia occurring at rest or with minimal exertion…

…target vessel. The configuration and adequacy of collateral channels. Additional features associated with greater difficulty include a previously failed attempt, a blunt proximal stump, vessel…

…stenoses. Higher scores indicate more diffuse or technically complex disease and are associated with a greater relative advantage for CABG over PCI in multivessel disease…

…but not 6 month DAPT, was associated with higher rates of myocardial infarction or stent thrombosis in ACS patients. Extension beyond 12 months DAPT beyond…

…is CCS, usually with recurrent angina. Approximately one fifth of clinically recognized ISR presentations are ACS. ISR may occasionally be associated with myocardial infarction. The…

…lesion proximal to the first septal perforator of the left anterior descending artery was associated with lower five year survival than a more distal lesion…

…probable, and possible stent thrombosis for clinical research and outcome assessment. Predisposing factors Domain Factors associated with stent thrombosis Clinical Acute myocardial infarction, diabetes mellitus…

…Contemporary durable polymers are more biocompatible than those used in early DES. Fluoropolymer coatings have been associated with reduced vascular injury and inflammation, faster endothelialization…

…preferred for coronary angiography and PCI because it is associated with fewer vascular and bleeding complications than femoral access. In patients with acute coronary syndrome…

CPR Tamponade and cardiac arrest Cardiac arrest associated with tamponade has an exceptionally poor prognosis. In the vast majority of these cases, the tamponade develops…

…medicine Myocardial ischemia and infarction Definition and Pathophysiology ST segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) is an acute myocardial infarction associated with a working diagnosis of…

…of exercising) is common after myocardial infarction and it is associated with poorer survival. Patients with unstable angina pectoris with low risk (according to TIMI…

…the concept has important limitations. Although thin capped fibroatheromas may have imaging characteristics associated with rupture, fewer than 5% of such lesions caused a clinical…

…arrhythmias, and heart failure are among the conditions associated with myocardial injury. Relationship to chronic coronary syndromes Chronic coronary syndromes (CCS) describe stable period clinical…

…or cardiometabolic origin. Major clinical presentations The principal outpatient presentations include: Reproducible stress induced angina or ischaemia associated with obstructive epicardial coronary disease. Angina or…

…absence or hypoplasia. Anomalous aortic origin of a coronary artery from the opposite sinus of Valsalva is associated with increased sudden death risk, particularly in…

…has reduced radiation exposure compared with earlier techniques. Radiation exposure depends on the protocol and scanner; CAC scanning is associated with a particularly low dose…

…20% of LV mass. Conversely, a greater burden of nonviable or scarred myocardium is associated with less improvement in LVEF. Nevertheless, improvement in LVEF is…

…Epicardial and microvascular angina can coexist, and this combination is associated with a worse prognosis. VA may occur in the presence of obstructive coronary artery…

…generally presents as ACS. Symptoms may therefore include acute chest pain or chest discomfort, with associated manifestations of myocardial ischaemia. In pregnancy, the clinical presentation…

…preserved FFR with reduced CFR may indicate coronary microvascular dysfunction or diffuse epicardial disease. Concordantly normal FFR and CFR are associated with an excellent prognosis…

…occur at a low level of exertion, or are associated with high event risk. The apparent differences between thresholds reflect different guideline frameworks and clinical…

…condition. It is associated with a two to four fold increase in lifetime cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk and approximately doubles cardiovascular risk on average. Its…

…hours and such T waves are robust indicators of successful reperfusion (patent artery). This is also associated with better prognosis, return of R wave amplitudes…

…activity may be widespread rather than confined to a single lesion. Plaque composition is heterogeneous. Lipid rich, macrophage rich plaques are commonly associated with ru

…chronic coronary disease, cerebrovascular disease, and peripheral arterial disease. More than 70% of older adults presenting with myocardial infarction, stroke, acute aortic syndromes, or heart…

…or belching. Radiation to both arms or shoulders has a particularly strong association with myocardial infarction in the cited clinical data, although right arm radiation…

…level, producing atrioventricular (AV) or intraventricular blocks. Isolated sinus bradycardia in the early hours following infarction may be associated with hemodynamic compromise. More broadly, bradyarrhythmic…

…effects on the cardiovascular system. Acute exposure produces transient haemodynamic and myocardial effects, whereas sustained heavy consumption is associated with hypertension, coronary artery disease, arrhythmias…

…antiphospholipid syndrome (APS). Collectively, these disorders are associated with excess cardiovascular disease (CVD), although the cardiovascular phenotype varies substantially between diseases. Cardiovascular involvement extends beyond…

…defects : Associated with wall thinning, suggesting a more advanced level of ischemia or partial scarring. Severe defects : Defined by absent tracer uptake, with signal intensity…

…hypertension, chronic ischemic heart disease, heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF), and post myocardial infarction (MI) care. Despite their proven morbidity and mortality benefits…