…absorption and, in selected cases, enhanced elimination. For many poisonings, well delivered supportive treatment matters more than the antidote [1,2]. Telephone your national or…

…However, the context indicates that if pharmacological therapy is inadequate, escalation to catheter ablation or mechanical circulatory support remains a viable therapeutic pathway [4]. Furthermore…

…IC, or III antiarrhythmic agents may be considered. Catheter ablation should be considered in patients with a high risk of recurrence. Electrical cardioversion is generally…

…with osteoblastic metastases, diminished calcium absorption and/or enhanced calcium excretion, chronic renal failure, pancreatic or bowel resections (leading to "short bowel syndrome"), parathyroid and…

…Drugs Ranked by Risk of Drug Induced Cardiotoxicity Using FDA Labeling . Drug Discovery Today. 2023. DICT = Drug induced cardiotoxicity Trade Name Generic/Proper Name…

…tachycardia induced cardiomyopathy (Gopinnathair et al). Long term prognosis is excellent, with the vast majority of patients recovering completely after restoration of sinus rhythm (or…

…into ventricular fibrillation (VF). Proarrhythmia, defined as a drug induced or drug exacerbated cardiac arrhythmia, constitutes a major clinical problem. It can manifest as an…

…apical ballooning syndrome, stress induced cardiomyopathy) Takotsubo cardiomyopathy (broken heart syndrome) is a rather peculiar and certainly acute condition. Much research has been devoted to…

CPR Sepsis induced cardiac arrest Sepsis is a life threatening condition characterized by systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS), disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), and hypoperfusion manifesting…

…muscle cells. As compared with nitroprusside, nicardipine induces relatively greater venodilation than arteriolar dilation. Effects Nicardipine causes dilation of the coronary and systemic arteries, decreases…

…difficult. In patients with normal renal function, the occurrence of contrast induced AKI is negligible or very low. Risk rises substantially with chronic kidney disease…

…food allergies, insect stings, and drug induced reactions. Approximately 90% of anaphylactic cardiac arrests present with pulseless electrical activity (PEA) as the initial rhythm, while…

…Severity Features Body temperature (°C) Mild hypothermia Conscious with tremors 32 35°C Moderate hypothermia Impaired consciousness, with or without shivering 28 31°C Severe hypothermia Unconscious…

…tachycardia induced cardiomyopathy, diabetic cardiomyopathy, etc. ) may ultimately lead to ventricular dilation. However, the term dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) refers to idiopathic or genetic dilation of…

…angiography, myocardial perfusion scintigraphy, stress echocardiography) has greater diagnostic accuracy. Contraindications Absolute: Acute coronary syndrome within 48 hours, or ongoing unstable angina. Uncontrolled symptomatic arrhythmia…

…tumour, primary biliary cholangitis, drugs Mixed Both raised Drug induced liver injury is the commonest cause Isolated bilirubin Unconjugated, the others normal Gilbert's syndrome…

…Inhibitor Induced Angioedema Angioedema secondary to ACE inhibitor therapy occurs in approximately 1% of patients. It manifests as localized, transient swelling of the subcutaneous or…

…or post revascularization states, and heart failure of ischaemic or cardiometabolic origin. Major clinical presentations The principal outpatient presentations include: Reproducible stress induced angina or…

…exercise induced arrhythmias Identification of exercise related ST segment changes Prognostic and risk stratification information Assessment of response to selected medical, revascularization, rehabilitation, ablative or…

…coronary syndrome and a moderate or high pre test likelihood of obstructive coronary artery disease, defined in the cited guidance as greater than 15% and…

…of MI. Clinically, UA is defined by one or more of the following patterns: Angina at rest, usually prolonged for more than 20 minutes. New…

…which result in secondary ST T changes. Such ST T changes may mimic (simulate) or mask ischemia. Simulation of ischemia manifests as ST segment elevations…

…artery stenosis. Stress can be induced pharmacologically with coronary vasodilatory agents or simulated hemodynamically through exercise or the use of chronotropic and inotropic agents. Radiotracers…

…catecholamine induced ventricular tachycardia . The vast majority of patients with ventricular tachycardia either have coronary artery disease (ischemic heart disease), heart failure, cardiomyopathy or valvular…

…muscle cells. As compared with nitroprusside, nicardipine induces relatively greater venodilation than arteriolar dilation. Effects Nicardipine causes dilation of the coronary and systemic arteries, decreases…

Info Inotropes and vasopressors Vasopressors induce vasoconstriction and increase mean arterial pressure (MAP). Inotropes increase cardiac contractile force (contractility). Several endogenous and synthetic agents exist…

…or fever. It's a potentially fatal condition that requires prompt treatment, including plasmapheresis. Interference with Platelet Function Test for Heparin Induced Thrombocytopenia (HIT): False…

…substantial morbidity and mortality, despite often having a greater burden of cardiovascular and non cardiovascular comorbidity than patients with reduced EF. Pathophysiology Abnormal ventricular relaxation…

…Catecholamines incrases oxygen consumption and thus infarct size. Beta blockers may limit or even reduce infarct size, which is generally attributed to its reduction of…

…blood pressure severity. Hypokalaemia is highly suggestive when present, particularly if spontaneous or diuretic induced, but it is absent in most diagnosed patients. Reliance on…

…repolarization time is extended to a greater degree at slower heart rates. Sotalol does not significantly alter resting membrane potential, action potential amplitude, or Vmax…

…VA can occur as part of a more generalized vasospastic syndrome with migraine or Raynaud phenomenon. Associations have also been described with aspirin induced asthma…

…In most cases, the re entry is induced by a premature atrial beat reaching the atrioventricular node while some fibers are still refractory. If an…

…It arises when heat production or acquisition surpasses the body's capacity for heat elimination. Hyperthermia can induce an inflammatory state similar to the Systemic…

…muscle cells. As compared with nitroprusside, nicardipine induces relatively greater venodilation than arteriolar dilation. Effects Nicardipine causes dilation of the coronary and systemic arteries, decreases…

Cardiology Inotropes and vasopressors Vasopressors induce vasoconstriction and increase mean arterial pressure (MAP). Inotropes increase cardiac contractile force (contractility). Several endogenous and synthetic agents exist…

…transmit the atrial impulse to the ventricles directly. These pathways are termed accessory pathways (or bundle of Kent ). They are remnants of the embryological development…

…CPR re induces coarse VF by means of increasing coronary blood flow. In circumstances with non shockable rhythm or with prolonged periods of VF (fine…

…receptors and induces vasodilatation in the coronary, renal, cerebral and mesenteric vessels. Few Dopamine — intermediate dose Cardiogenic shock. Vasodilatory shock. Heart failure, acute or chronic…

…sympathetic stimulation, including tachycardia. May therefore induce or worsen angina pectoris. The rapid reduction of afterload is desired in conditions requiring afterload reduction. Time to…

…pressure control. Mechanism of action Nitroprusside provides nitric oxide (NO) that induces vasodilatation of both arterioles and veins via generation of cyclic GMP, which then…

…this demographic on a global scale. Numerous substances possess the potential to induce cardiac arrest or cause profound cardiopulmonary depression. Table 1 delineates substances for…

…basic principles of exercise physiology is essential to conduct and evaluate the exercise stress test. Exercise induces physiological changes such as increased ventilation, coronary vasodilation…

…Caution • Clonidine may induce severe hypotension. • Clonidine is not recommended in most patients with severe cardiovascular disease or in those who are otherwise haemodynamically unstable…

…pressure control. Mechanism of action Nitroglycerin provides nitric oxide (NO) that induces vasodilatation (of both arterioles and veins) via generation of cyclic GMP, which then…

…pathways that possess long conduction times or decremental conduction properties. Furthermore, adenosine binds to four types of receptors. Binding to A2A receptors induces coronary vasodilation…

…AVB) may indicate septal involvement in the inflammatory process. A broad spectrum of pharmacologic agents can induce bradycardia or conduction disorders. These include beta blockers…

…represents a distinct class of inodilator. It enhances myocardial contractility and induces peripheral vasodilation through cardiac myofilament calcium sensitisation. This process is achieved via calcium…

…and create a highly prothrombotic endothelial surface. Furthermore, AF induces a systemic hypercoagulable state, characterized by elevated biomarkers such as D dimer, von Willebrand factor…

…dilates, which induces irreversible cellular and extracellular processes that ultimately lead to heart failure. This initially results in greater diastolic volume and increased compliance. Increasing…

…In contrast, dilated, light unresponsive pupils are indicative of cerebral anoxia or brain death and constitute an adverse prognostic sign. Notably, the presence of dilated…

…or simply QTc interval. The primary hazard lies in long QTc intervals because they induce a very unstable polymorphic ventricular tachycardia referred to as torsade…

…is normal). A premature atrial contraction induces a delay to the next sinus beat (the RR interval is prolonged after a premature beat). This yields…

…are also referred to as premature ventricular beats , premature ventricular contractions or just ventricular beats/contractions/complexes . These terms will be used interchangeably in this…

…onset is delayed, typically requiring 2 to 3 days, and often 1 to 3 weeks or occasionally longer; loading doses mitigate this delay. During chronic…

…easier to induce in the presence of arrhythmogenic substrates. A substrate is defined as a physiological or anatomical factor that can trigger or sustain arrhythmias…

…node, His bundle, Purkinje system) Preexisting AV block, bundle branch block or fascicular block may become worse. Particularly, the degree of AV block may increase…

…are as follows: The size of the thrombus (i.e the degree of artery obstruction): The greater the obstruction the more extensive the ischemia/infarction…

…and the SWEDEHEART registries, demonstrate that while the incidence of HFrEF has stabilized or slightly declined over the past two decades, the incidence of HFpEF…

…of the membrane potential. Cardiac electromechanical coupling Depolarization activates the myocardial cells and induces cellular processes that lead to cell contraction. The spread of an…