…concept Myocardial infarction with non obstructive coronary arteries (MINOCA) describes a clinical presentation in which the patient has symptoms suggestive of acute coronary syndrome (ACS)…

…changes, including ST segment elevations, ST segment depressions, and T wave inversions. These overlapping features frequently lead to confusion between LBBB and acute STEMI. In…

…treatments for inappropriate sinus tachycardia, patients frequently benefit from obtaining a diagnosis, because it justifies their symptoms (treatment alternatives are discussed below). ECG in sinus…

…block in the AV node is high grade. Causes of tachyarrhythmia with narrow QRS complexes (QRS duration < 0.12 s): sinus tachycardia, inappropriate sinus…

…atrial rate (beats/min)? P waves should precede every QRS complex and the P wave should be positive in lead II. Common findings Sinus rhythm …

…points in the epicardial coronary arteries. Early lesions may undergo positive or compensatory remodelling, in which the vessel enlarges outward before a major reduction in…

…as ventricular tachyarrhythmia and trigger inappropriate antitachycardia treatment unless detection and therapy are disabled. Conversely, asynchronous pacing may rarely result in pacing during ventricular repolarization…

…has not been shown to reduce stroke risk, and detection may lead to inappropriate anxiety and invasive procedures. Symptomatic disease Symptoms of carotid disease include…

…based on a retrospective subgroup analysis in which a survival benefit was observed. Inappropriate sinus tachycardia Treatment of inappropriate sinus tachycardia begins with assessment and…

…diuretic appropriate for kidney function. In patients with an estimated glomerular filtration rate below 30 mL/min/1.73 m², an adequately up titrated loop…

…when electrical events in one chamber is sensed by the lead in the other chamber, resulting in inappropriate inhibition of the pacemaker in the latter…

…outside these boundaries, which may lead to undersensing of true intrinsic activity and thus inappropriate pacemaker activity. As discussed in the previous chapter, the delivery…

…up the interpretation. Note that this chapter is preceded by a comprehensive discussion in the chapter Characteristics and Definitions of the Normal ECG, and the…

…has shown little or no consistent effect on cardiovascular complications in T2DM. Cardiovascular benefit depends substantially on comprehensive risk factor management and, in appropriate patients…

…for excluding non ST segment elevation acute coronary syndrome (NSTE ACS) in patients with a low to intermediate likelihood of CAD when cardiac troponin and…

…level, producing atrioventricular (AV) or intraventricular blocks. Isolated sinus bradycardia in the early hours following infarction may be associated with hemodynamic compromise. More broadly, bradyarrhythmic…

…hyperplasia. A family history is therefore important, particularly in patients with early onset hypertension or premature cerebrovascular disease. PA is associated with cardiac hypertrophy, myocardial…