Symbicort Turbuhaler Bufomix Easyhaler DuoResp Spiromax Inhaled corticosteroid in fixed combination with long-acting β₂-agonist Formoterol is the only long-acting β₂-agonist with…

Procoralan Ivabradine Accord Selective If-channel inhibitor in the sinus node The only drug that reduces heart rate without affecting contractility, blood pressure, or conduction…

Salures Bendroflumetiazid Evolan Thiazide diuretic Inhibits the Na⁺/Cl⁻ cotransporter in the distal tubule and is the most commonly used thiazide diuretic for hypertension. The…

Fragmin Low molecular weight heparin The workhorse anticoagulant in hospital practice: subcutaneous dosing once daily, predictable effect, and no need for routine monitoring, allowing home…

…ACE inhibitor Prodrug hydrolysed to enalaprilat. Reduces mortality in heart failure with reduced ejection fraction — the effect is dose-dependent, and underdosing is more often…

…transporter in the loop of Henle. The dose–response relationship is a threshold curve, not a line: below the threshold nothing happens, and in renal…

…Irreversible COX-1 inhibitor Irreversibly acetylates COX-1, eliminating thromboxane synthesis in platelets for their entire lifespan. This is why a low once-daily dose…

…atrial arrhythmias in structurally normal hearts. The CAST trial showed increased mortality after myocardial infarction — that boundary remains the most important fact in the drug…

…Haldol Depot High-potency first-generation antipsychotic (butyrophenone) The most widely used dopamine antagonist in acute agitation and delirium in Swedish emergency departments and wards…

…Hydrokortison Takeda Plenadren Alkindi Nature-identical glucocorticoid with mineralocorticoid effect Endogenous cortisol in pharmaceutical form and accordingly the first choice when the intention is substitution…

…COX inhibitor, propionic acid derivative The first-line NSAID in Sweden and the one with the least cardiovascular risk at a low dose. A short…

…Rapid-acting insulin analogue The mealtime insulin in Swedish healthcare and simultaneously the insulin used for intravenous infusion in diabetic ketoacidosis and hyperosmolar hyperglycaemic state…

Fosamax Alendronat Sandoz Fosavance Aminobisphosphonate First-line agent for osteoporosis and the best-documented fracture-preventing treatment in primary care. Efficacy for vertebral and hip…

…Amitriptylin Orifarm Tricyclic antidepressant A tricyclic antidepressant that is rarely used for depression in contemporary practice — its role today is neuropathic pain and prophylaxis for…

…Amoxicillin Teva Aminopenicillin with extended Gram-negative spectrum Aminopenicillin that covers Haemophilus influenzae in addition to pneumococci — and it is that difference from phenoxymethylpenicillin that…

…beta-agonists, and dialysis must be started in parallel, otherwise the arrhythmia risk returns when the calcium effect wanes after half an hour. Calcium gluconate…

…esterases in blood and tissue — the half-life is 5 minutes and the effect can be steered minute by minute. Selective for smooth muscle in…

…to four, so the concentration continues to rise for a week after initiation. That long tail is simultaneously the point in withdrawal treatment, where it…

…mg/day and with short treatment duration. Oral diclofenac therefore requires a prescription in Sweden since 1 June 2020, while topical formulations remain non-prescription…

…heart failure events regardless of ejection fraction in EMPEROR-Reduced and EMPEROR-Preserved, and slowed renal function decline down to eGFR 20 in EMPA-KIDNEY…

…The active metabolite of enalapril, given directly intravenously. Rarely used in hypertensive crisis: onset is slow, duration 8–24 hours, and the effect varies widely…

…unavailable — the effect arrives within ten minutes through hepatic glycogenolysis. In beta-blocker intoxication, glucagon is instead an inotrope that bypasses the blocked beta receptor…

…carbohydrate solution for acute hypoglycaemia The first-line treatment for severe hypoglycaemia in a patient who cannot swallow and in whom intravenous access is available…

…Tikacillin Fenoximetylpenicillin EQL Pharma Narrow-spectrum beta-lactam antibiotic The first-choice oral penicillin for the most common respiratory and skin infections in outpatient care…

…cardiac arrest treatment. The most clinically dangerous property is not pharmacological but practical: two concentrations with a tenfold difference are used in the same setting.

…intravenous use with properties from classes I–IV. Extensive tissue distribution and a half-life measured in weeks — initiation and discontinuation have consequences for months.

…dose adjustment in renal impairment. Unlike verapamil and diltiazem, amlodipine has no clinically significant negative inotropic effect and can therefore be used in heart failure…

…life, allowing it to be taken at any time of day unlike simvastatin. Muscle complaints are frequently reported but rarely confirmed in blinded re-challenge.

…treatment for symptomatic bradycardia, but only when the bradycardia is vagally mediated or located in the sinus node or AV node. Atropine blocks muscarinic receptors…

…suitable in cerebral oedema and cord compression where sodium retention is undesirable. The effect is not immediate — it requires hours and never replaces adrenaline in…

…most β₁-selective of the routinely used beta-blockers, with documented mortality benefit in heart failure from CIBIS-II. Bioavailability is close to 90 % and…

…mortality benefit in heart failure (CHARM), and the first choice when an ACE inhibitor must be switched due to cough. The target dose in heart…

…acting antidote — idarucizumab achieves complete reversal within minutes, which weighs heavily in patients who may need emergency surgery. The price is that approximately 80 % of…

…and mildly reduced EF, and DAPA-CKD demonstrated slowed renal function decline and reduced mortality in chronic kidney disease with albuminuria, with or without diabetes…

…for four entirely different indications with doses differing up to a hundredfold — antidiuretic substitution in central diabetes insipidus, symptom relief in nocturia and nocturnal enuresis…

…and intravenous diltiazem require a named-patient licence. Verapamil or a beta-blocker is therefore the practical first choice for rate control in this setting.

…tone. Strong β₁ effect with marked β₂ effect means that stroke volume increases while systemic vascular resistance falls at low doses — good in the cold…

…make once-daily dosing possible. It is the standard choice in pneumonia in penicillin-allergic patients and in atypical pneumonia, but the age limit of…

…9 minutes and the effect gone 20–30 minutes after the infusion ends, it is useful in patients where beta-blockade is desirable but risky…

…alpha or beta effects, with onset within minutes and duration under one hour — theoretically attractive in hypertensive crisis with renal involvement, but without documented hard…

…α2δ subunit of voltage-gated calcium channels — but with a critical difference in kinetics: absorption occurs via a saturable amino acid transporter in the gut…

…with protamine within minutes. This is why unfractionated heparin is the first choice in severe renal failure, in the bleeding-prone patient, and when surgery…

…drug unsuitable as first-line treatment in hypertensive crisis — but useful in pre-eclampsia and as afterload relief in combination with a nitrate and beta…

…thrombin — in practice it never lets go. The effect is immediate and complete: unbound dabigatran in plasma falls by over 99 per cent directly after…

…Available in two strengths, 100 units/ml and 300 units/ml, and the two are not the same medicine even though both are dosed in…

…never a guarantee. The key practical distinction is between the three dose levels: analgesia, procedural sedation, and induction are different drugs in the same ampoule.

…deficit. Rate, not daily dose, is what determines safety: peripherally 10 mmol per hour, in a central vein up to 20 mmol per hour, and…

…entirely free of sedation: a distinct minority of patients become drowsy, and this should be asked about in professional drivers. Renal function governs the dose.

…at 20 mg for adults and 10 mg for patients over 65 years. In the elderly, hyponatraemia is the adverse effect most often causing discontinuation.

…raises rate but not pressure. Used where rate itself is the problem: bradycardia while awaiting pacing, bradycardia-dependent torsades de pointes, and electrical storm in…

…eftersom både biverkningsbörda och hämning av den egna kortisolaxeln är en funktion av kumulativ dos och tid. Bestäm utsättningsplanen redan när du sätter in preparatet.

…icke-bensodiazepin" säger något om molekylen, inget om risken. Den ska sättas in mot en definierad, tidsbegränsad sömnstörning med en planerad slutpunkt, inte som underhållsbehandling.