…electrolyte disorders 1. Sodium Increased (hypernatremia) and decreased (hyponatremia) sodium levels do not have any effect on the ECG, nor cardiac rhythm, or impulse conduction…

…EAT, or atrial tachycardia) arises when an ectopic focus within the atria generates electrical impulses at a rate exceeding that of the sinoatrial (SA) node…

…seconds). The QRS complex is wide simply because the ectopic impulses that cause these rhythms spread partially or entirely outside of the ventricular conduction system…

…The test presupposes that the patient has spontaneous nystagmus at the time of examination and that the examiner is experienced with the head impulse test…

…constant PR interval. Third degree AV block: all atrial impulses are blocked in the AV conduction system and therefore cannot activate the ventricles. An escape…

…Wenckebach block) : repeated cycles of gradually increasing PR interval until an atrial impulse (P wave) is blocked in the atrioventricular node and the QRS complex…

…More broadly, bradyarrhythmic arrest and asystole represent severe manifestations of impulse generation or conduction failure. The pathophysiology of these events may stem from reversible causes…

…and the start of the QRS complex. The PR interval determines whether impulse transmission from atria to ventricles is normal. The isoelectric (flat) line between…

…mitrale ). If the atria are depolarized by impulses generated by cells outside of the sinoatrial node (i.e by an ectopic focus), the morphology of…

…cause: Diminished heart sounds Disappearance of the friction rub Loss of the apical impulse Electrical alternans on the ECG Compression of the left lung base