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Inpatient insulin therapy: quick reference

…often impaired renal function. Prescribe basal insulin, mealtime insulin and the correction dose as three separate entries on the drug chart. Glucose targets on the…

Diabetic ketoacidosis and hyperosmolar hyperglycaemic state: quick reference

…only moderately raised glucose, often below 13.9 mmol/L. The condition occurs above all in: treatment with SGLT2 inhibitors pregnancy prolonged fasting or a…

No-Reflow Phenomenon During Percutaneous Coronary Intervention: Prevention and Treatment

Myocardial ischemia and infarction Definition and Pathophysiology No reflow is impaired anterograde myocardial perfusion despite the absence of a flow limiting epicardial coronary stenosis. It…

Atrial fibrillation: quick reference for emergency management

…myocardial ischaemia with chest pain and ECG changes. Acute pulmonary oedema. Impaired consciousness. Synchronised cardioversion under sedation, at an energy level according to the local…

Nasogastric tube

…the tube is safe. A misplaced tube in the airway produces no reliable symptoms in a patient with an impaired cough reflex, and the first…

Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction: Diagnosis and Treatment

…are elevated. The syndrome is therefore defined by symptoms and signs of congestion or impaired cardiac performance rather than by ejection fraction alone. Heart failure…

Metabolic Syndrome: Definition and Clinical Significance

…insulin resistance, dyslipidaemia, elevated blood pressure and impaired glucose regulation. Diagnosis is based on the coexistence of defined clinical and laboratory components; the diagnostic criteria…

Dilated Cardiomyopathy (DCM): Definition, Types, Diagnostics & Treatment

…of one or both ventricles. Dilation of the left ventricle is virtually always accompanied by impaired left ventricular systolic function. It should be noted that…

Echocardiography in cardiomyopathies: an overview

…valvular disease or congenital heart disease. Cardiomyopathy leads to impaired cardiac function and heart failure. There are six main types of cardiomyopathy: Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM…

Anaphylaxis: quick reference for emergency management

…impaired consciousness or new onset marked weakness rapidly progressive symptoms from several organ systems severe abdominal pain or repeated vomiting after probable allergen exposure sudden…

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