…activation of innate immune pathways, cytokine signalling and recruitment of inflammatory cells to vascular lesions. The interleukin 1β pathway, with downstream effects involving interleukin…

…thrombogenic responses and immune activity. Statin intolerance refers to adverse effects attributed to statin treatment that improve or resolve after reducing the dose or stopping…

…skin prick testing, a local anaesthetic weal, BCG Slow, local effect Contraindications Absolute: Infection, a wound, scar tissue, a tattoo or skin disease at the…

…global epidemics of obesity, diabetes mellitus, and metabolic syndrome [58] . Hypertension and coronary artery disease (CAD) remain the most potent population attributable risk factors. Furthermore…

…myositis, Sjögren syndrome, gout and antiphospholipid syndrome (APS). Collectively, these disorders are associated with excess cardiovascular disease (CVD), although the cardiovascular phenotype varies substantially between…

…is a chronic, inflammatory disease of the arterial wall in which lipid accumulation, vascular cell dysfunction, immune cell recruitment, extracellular matrix remodelling, and thrombosis interact…

…streak [5] . Ruptured atherosclerotic lesion with atherotrombosis. Over decades, the lesion progresses from a simple fatty streak to a complex fibroatheroma. Smooth muscle cells (SMCs…

…after AMI, although descriptions of the syndrome include a broader interval of approximately 1–8 weeks. The pathogenesis is presumed to be immune mediated. Pericardial…

…Infections are difficult to heal because the heart valves are not vascularized and therefore it is difficult for the immune system to reach the bacteria…

…atherosclerosis is a disease in which the immune system elicits an active inflammation within the artery wall and lipids (particularly LDL cholesterol) plays a key…