…activation of innate immune pathways, cytokine signalling and recruitment of inflammatory cells to vascular lesions. The interleukin 1β pathway, with downstream effects involving interleukin…

…thrombogenic responses and immune activity. Statin intolerance refers to adverse effects attributed to statin treatment that improve or resolve after reducing the dose or stopping…

…choice) Slower, 20–30 min Intradermal (ID) Tuberculin (PPD), skin prick testing, a local anaesthetic weal, BCG Slow, local effect Contraindications Absolute: Infection, a wound…

…complex clinical syndrome characterized by symptoms and signs resulting from structural or functional impairment of ventricular filling or ejection of blood. The 2021 Universal Definition…

…giant cell arteritis and APS may also be associated with premature atherosclerotic disease. In a large UK clinical database, autoimmune disease was associated with 23…

…is a chronic, inflammatory disease of the arterial wall in which lipid accumulation, vascular cell dysfunction, immune cell recruitment, extracellular matrix remodelling, and thrombosis interact…

…debris, modern vascular biology has redefined atherosclerosis as a dynamic, immune mediated fibroproliferative response to endothelial injury [2] . The process initiates with endothelial dysfunction, a…

…2 weeks after AMI, although descriptions of the syndrome include a broader interval of approximately 1–8 weeks. The pathogenesis is presumed to be immune…

…Infections are difficult to heal because the heart valves are not vascularized and therefore it is difficult for the immune system to reach the bacteria…

…income countries for more than half a century, causing approximately 20% of all deaths in these regions. Mortality rates and case fatality in coronary artery…