…activation of innate immune pathways, cytokine signalling and recruitment of inflammatory cells to vascular lesions. The interleukin 1β pathway, with downstream effects involving interleukin…

…apoB 100 containing lipoproteins and exert effects beyond LDL C reduction, including modulation of inflammation, oxidative stress, endothelial function, plaque stability, thrombogenic responses and immune…

…mm needle the dose ends up subcutaneously, which gives a poorer immune response and more local reaction. Procedure Intramuscular — deltoid 1. Expose the whole shoulder…

…and infiltrative causes are increasingly recognized. The burgeoning field of cardio oncology has highlighted the cardiotoxic effects of anthracyclines, HER2 inhibitors (trastuzumab), and immune check

…directly attributable to CVD. Excess mortality becomes apparent approximately 7–10 years after diagnosis and is associated with persistent disease activity, rheumatoid factor and anti…

…is a chronic, inflammatory disease of the arterial wall in which lipid accumulation, vascular cell dysfunction, immune cell recruitment, extracellular matrix remodelling, and thrombosis interact…

…compromises the endothelial barrier, upregulating the expression of vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM 1) and intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM 1), and increasing the…

…after AMI, although descriptions of the syndrome include a broader interval of approximately 1–8 weeks. The pathogenesis is presumed to be immune mediated. Pericardial…

…Infections are difficult to heal because the heart valves are not vascularized and therefore it is difficult for the immune system to reach the bacteria…

…in these regions. Mortality rates and case fatality in coronary artery disease peaked in the 1970s and have declined steadily ever since. The marked decline…