…results in pulmonary hypertension and pulmonary edema. Table 1. Causes of aortic regurgitation Bicuspid aortic valve Rheumatic heart disease Calcified aortic valves Idiopathic aortic dilatation…

…In constrictive pericarditis, the pericardium becomes fibrotic (rigid) and thickened (about 80% have thickening). The parietal and visceral leaves of the pericardium are most often…

…Iatrogenic (e.g complication of catheterization) Congenital dysplasia/aplasia of the pulmonary valve Idiopathic pulmonary artery dilation Pulmonary regurgitation results in right ventricular volume overload…

…recommended criterion for precapillary PH, partly because this value has been used in therapeutic studies of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). The threshold is not absolute…

…cardiovascular societies, defines HF as a clinical syndrome corroborated by elevated natriuretic peptide levels and/or objective evidence of pulmonary or systemic congestion [3] . Within…

…arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, scleroderma, and rheumatic fever. Aortic dissection rupturing into the pericardium. Idiopathic pericardial effusion. Renal failure, hypothyroidism, and hypercholesterolemia. Dressler syndrome. Iatrogenic…

…results in thickening of the leaflets and may coexist with mitral stenosis. Idiopathic degeneration (Barlow's disease), degeneration associated with connective tissue disorders (Marfan syndrome…

…underlying cause is non idiopathic. Clinical Presentation and Symptoms Dyspnoea is the most frequent symptom and may occur even in the absence of pulmonary congestion…

…However, the term dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) refers to idiopathic or genetic dilation of the left ventricle . Patients with DCM typically develop heart failure early in…

…tau). Measurement of the opening pressure in suspected idiopathic intracranial hypertension. Therapeutic drainage in idiopathic intracranial hypertension and in assessment before shunt surgery. Contraindications Clinical…