…of aortic regurgitation depend on whether the condition develops acutely or gradually. Acute aortic regurgitation Acute aortic regurgitation results in rapid volume overload on the…

…cardiac tamponade The most common cause of pericardial effusion is infections, such as viral, bacterial, and tuberculous infections. Post pericardiotomy syndrome. Acute transmural myocardial infarction…

…dynamic sequence of ventricular activation. PMVT is frequently associated with acute myocardial ischemia, electrolyte derangements, or underlying channelopathies (e.g., Torsades de Pointes in Long…

…treatment or marked coagulopathy. A platelet count below 50 × 10⁹/L is often quoted as the threshold, but the threshold varies between regions. Infection of…

…results in thickening of the leaflets and may coexist with mitral stenosis. Idiopathic degeneration (Barlow's disease), degeneration associated with connective tissue disorders (Marfan syndrome…

…tachycardia almost invariably have significant underlying heart disease. The most common causes are coronary heart disease (acute coronary syndromes or ischemic heart disease), heart failure …

…sclerosis, HIV infection, cirrhosis, and sickle cell disease. The classification also recognizes vasoreactivity subgroups among patients with idiopathic PAH, including acute responders and non responders…

…and tamponade even without a large circumferential effusion. Causes Tamponade shares the causes of pericardial effusion. Important clinical associations include: Idiopathic or viral pericarditis Malignant…

…highlight a shifting demographic profile in incident HFrEF. Historically dominated by acute myocardial infarction (MI) survivors, the contemporary risk factor profile is increasingly driven by…

…Conventional thoracic X ray sometimes reveals calcification of the pericardium. With MRI or CT, the thickness of the pericardium can be measured and in most…