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Aortic regurgitation

…left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) normal? A normal sized ventricle with hyperdynamic contractility suggests acute aortic regurgitation. The severity of aortic regurgitation can be evaluated…

Eletrical alternans: the ECG in pericardial effusion & cardiac tamponade

…bacterial, and tuberculous infections. Post pericardiotomy syndrome. Acute transmural myocardial infarction. Rupture of the free ventricular wall. Neoplasms (particularly breast and lung cancer). Inflammatory conditions…

Ventricular Tachycardia

…changing QRS morphology and axis, indicating a dynamic sequence of ventricular activation. PMVT is frequently associated with acute myocardial ischemia, electrolyte derangements, or underlying channelopathies …

Lumbar puncture

…suspected idiopathic intracranial hypertension. Therapeutic drainage in idiopathic intracranial hypertension and in assessment before shunt surgery. Contraindications Clinical signs of herniation — deep unconsciousness with unreactive…

Mitral regurgitation

…results in thickening of the leaflets and may coexist with mitral stenosis. Idiopathic degeneration (Barlow's disease), degeneration associated with connective tissue disorders (Marfan syndrome…

Ventricular tachycardia (VT): ECG criteria, causes, classification, treatment

…patients with acute myocardial infarction were placed in beds located far away from physicians' and nurses' stations in order to not disturb the patients' rest…

Pulmonary Hypertension: Classification and Treatment Principles

…and sickle cell disease. The classification also recognizes vasoreactivity subgroups among patients with idiopathic PAH, including acute responders and non responders. Left heart disease is…

Cardiac Tamponade: Recognition and Pericardiocentesis

…patients with acute pericarditis, tamponade is uncommon when the cause is viral or idiopathic but is more frequent when the underlying cause is non idiopathic…

Heart Failure with Reduced Ejection Fraction (HFrEF)

…HF is approximately 1–2% in the general adult population, but this figure rises steeply with age, exceeding 10% in individuals over 70 years [48…

Constrictive pericarditis: definition, causes, diagnosis & echocardiography

…Conventional thoracic X ray sometimes reveals calcification of the pericardium. With MRI or CT, the thickness of the pericardium can be measured and in most…

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