…left ventricular hypertrophy or abnormal LV filling supports the diagnosis Unlike HFpEF, objective evidence of structural or functional cardiac abnormality or raised natriuretic peptides is…

…shortness of breath is the cardinal symptom and may act as an ischaemic equivalent, though caution is advised in interpreting it without corroborating evidence of…

…contraction and relaxation. Structural and vascular consequences Common structural consequences include left ventricular hypertrophy, left atrial enlargement, and abnormalities of diastolic filling. Mitral regurgitation may…

…development of increased left ventricular hypertrophy and mass. Initially, myocardial abnormalities may be subclinical. Progressive dilation can subsequently impair left ventricular ejection fraction. Enlargement of…

Procedurer The value of the exercise test lies not in ST depression alone but in the overall picture : exercise capacity, symptoms, blood pressure response, heart…

…right ventricular enlargement and atrial enlargement. Below follows a discussion on the principles and differences of dilatation and hypertrophy, as well as typical ECG changes…

ECG Hypertrophy and dilatation Biventricular hypertrophy Simultaneous hypertrophy of the left and right ventricle is rather common. The ECG has low sensitivity with respect to…

…trans thoracic echocardiography. Causes of right ventricular hypertrophy Lung disease (with increased pulmonary vascular resistance), congenital heart disease (transposition of the great arteries, pulmonary valve…

…indicate that the vector of the left ventricle is amplified. Secondary ST T changes in left sided leads Left ventricular hypertrophy is often accompanied by…

…II. Heart axis deviation: right axis deviation (RAD) and left axis deviation (LAD) Causes of right axis deviation Normal in newborns. Right ventricular hypertrophy. Acute…