…on the cardiovascular system. Acute exposure produces transient haemodynamic and myocardial effects, whereas sustained heavy consumption is associated with hypertension, coronary artery disease, arrhythmias, heart…

Cardiology Definition and pathophysiology Blood pressure is a continuous cardiovascular exposure rather than a binary distinction between normotension and hypertension. Its long term relationship with…

…of atherothrombotic events in adult patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) or a prior heart attack and a high risk of developing an atherothrombotic event…

…ECG monitoring D Disability AVPU: Alert Voice responsive Pain responsive Unresponsive Limb movements Pupillary light reflexes Blood glucose E Exposure Identify signs of heart failure…

…autoregulation during a rapid or severe rise in BP. This may produce acute injury in the brain, retina, heart, aorta, kidneys, or other vascular beds…

…rupture with tamponade, and less common causes such as severe pre existing valvular disease or excessive beta blocker or calcium channel blocker exposure. The incidence…

…post ACS or post revascularization states, and heart failure of ischaemic or cardiometabolic origin. Major clinical presentations The principal outpatient presentations include: Reproducible stress induced…

…An experienced imaging team Prospective ECG triggered axial acquisition has reduced radiation exposure compared with earlier techniques. Radiation exposure depends on the protocol and scanner…

…initiating mechanism, the exposure of thrombogenic material triggers a rapid cascade of platelet adhesion (mediated by von Willebrand factor and Glycoprotein Ib IX V), activation…

…large effusion may cause: Diminished heart sounds Disappearance of the friction rub Loss of the apical impulse Electrical alternans on the ECG Compression of the…

…XX and XY individuals and are reflected in cardiovascular structure and function. Sociocultural factors contribute independently to differences in exposure to risk, access to care…

Cardiology Nephrology Definition and terminology Contrast associated acute kidney injury is an acute deterioration in renal function occurring after exposure to iodinated contrast media, particularly…

…valvular abnormalities, arrhythmias, and heart failure. Aging also accumulates conventional cardiovascular risk factors, including hypertension, diabetes, hypercholesterolemia, smoking exposure, and physical inactivity. The interaction between…

…but only if the examiner is trained. Brief attacks triggered by the position of the head relative to gravity: perform Dix Hallpike and, if needed…

…Its relationship with cardiovascular risk is nonlinear: even light smoking carries a substantial proportion of the excess ischaemic heart disease risk associated with heavy smoking…

…coronary media. The early postpartum period, when marked hormonal changes occur. Hypertension and oestrogen exposure. Emotional or chronic mental stress. Fibromuscular dysplasia (FMD), which may…

…ecstasy) or amphetamines. In either scenario, there is sustained muscle activation, leading to marked heat generation, acidosis, and the subsequent development of hyperkalemia. This condition…

… wound on without tension Tepid water, plastic gloves, plaster scissors, cast saw, protective sheeting Hot water gives faster setting and more heat production — a risk…

…In individuals with cardiovascular disease, an exercise test may provide objective information on peak exercise capacity and the heart rate, blood pressure and symptom responses…

…fluids (crystalloids). Heated and moistened oxygen. Warm covers. Heat fan. Remove any cold or damp textiles. Administer cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) following standard protocols, emphasizing concurrent…

Info Heart rate (bpm) = 60000 / cycle length Cycle length (ms) = 60000 / heart rate Heart rate (BPM) Cycle length (ms) Heart rate (BPM) Cycle…

…heart failure. These patients experience substantial morbidity and mortality, despite often having a considerable burden of non cardiac comorbidity. HFmrEF has clinical characteristics that, on…

…than by ejection fraction alone. Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) is characterized by: Symptoms and/or signs of HF. A left ventricular ejection…

…Crucially, contemporary definitions distinguish HFpEF from "Heart Failure with improved EF" (HFimpEF). HFimpEF refers to patients with a historical baseline LVEF ≤40% that has subsequently…

Cardiology Definition and terminology Heart failure (HF) is a complex clinical syndrome characterized by symptoms and signs resulting from structural or functional impairment of ventricular…

…there are three types of heart failure: HFPEF , HFmrEF and HFREF . This classification is based primarily on the measurement of left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF…

…there are three types of heart failure: HFPEF , HFmrEF and HFREF . This classification is based primarily on the measurement of left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF…

…This definition does not depend on left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF). Heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) is defined by the combination of symptoms…

…subjects, the echocardiographic evaluation in pediatric patients requires a different approach, with more emphasis on the heart position in the thorax, the atrial situs viscerum…

…<35%, sinus rhythm and resting heart rate 75 beats/min, based on a retrospective subgroup analysis in which a survival benefit was observed. Inappropriate sinus…

…is typically discrete and not on a par with the degree of left ventricular impairment. Pathophysiology of takotsubo cardiomyopathy (broken heart syndrome) This topic is…

Overview of diagnosis, classification and management of heart failure

…between cardiac and renal dysfunction is particularly important. Cardiorenal syndrome may develop during acute decompensated heart failure, but worsening renal function does not necessarily indicate…

ECG Introduction to ECG interpretation The electrical axis of the heart Although often ignored, assessment of the electrical axis is an integral part of ECG…

…I and II. Heart axis deviation: right axis deviation (RAD) and left axis deviation (LAD) Causes of right axis deviation Normal in newborns. Right ventricular…

…adequately increase heart rate Chronotropic incompetence is an independent predictor of overall and cardiovascular mortality. The condition is very common among individuals with heart failure…

…The New England Journal of Medicine, 1812. Remarks on Angina Pectoris by John Warren The remarkable facts, that the paroxysm, or indeed the disease itself…

Cardiology Key points Levosimendan alleviates heart failure symptoms, increases cardiac output, and lowers pulmonary artery pressure without increasing myocardial oxygen consumption. The inotropic effect of…

ECG Video lecture: Assessment of the electrical axis of the heart

…intensity of the physical activity. It is based on the subjective physical sensations experienced during exercise, including increased heart rate, increased respiratory rate and depth…

Calculators CHA2DS2 VASc Score Calculator Congestive Heart Failure Hypertension Age = 75 years Diabetes Mellitus Stroke/TIA/TE Vascular disease Age 65 74 years Sex…

Referensvärden A child's ECG changes continuously with age: the heart rate, the electrical axis and the waveform in the newborn differ markedly from adult…

Info The ECG shows AV block III (complete heart block). P waves are not related to QRS. PP interval is constant, but independent of RR…

…implies that a bacterial infection engages the heart valves and this is a serious condition. The focus of infection on the flap is called vegetation…

…assessing the right half of the heart, it is important to familiarize yourself with the principles of hemodynamics and conditions prevailing on the right side…

…and arrhythmology ECG Sinus rhythm: the normal rhythm of the heart A rhythm is defined as three consecutive heartbeats with identical waveforms on the ECG…

Echocardiography Principles of flows and volumes in the heart If the flow in a cylinder is constant, then flow (Q) is the product of the…

…Corrected QT Interval. QTc Calculator Heart Rate QT Interval (in msec) Calculate QTc Values $(document).ready(function() { $(" qtc form").on('submit', function(event…

…Drug Nitroprusside Brand names Nipride ®, Nipride RTU ®, Nitropress ®. Indications Pulmonary edema, congestive heart failure. Angina pectoris. Hypertension, hypertensive crisis/emergency. Pulmonary hypertension…

Cardiology Critical care Pharmacology & dosing Definition and Pathophysiology In the management of acute heart failure and cardiogenic shock, intravenous vasoactive agents are categorised according to…

Myocardial ischemia and infarction ECG Posterior (posterolateral) acute myocardial infarction (STEMI) The heart is rotated 30° to the left in the thorax. This positions the…

Echocardiography Cardiac tumors Cardiac tumors are rare. They can occur anywhere in the heart or surrounding tissue. Tumors can be localized in the myocardium, pericardium…

…pulmonic) stenosis Pulmonary stenosis is virtually always a consequence of congenital heart disease. The stenosis can be fixed or dynamic, depending on the underlying etiology…

CPR Each recording presents two leads recorded simultaneously. Sex : Female Age : 72 years History : heart failure Medications : digoxin, quinidine ECG 1 . The initial beats are…

…Acute Heart Failure and Early Post Discharge Management The STRONG HF trial demonstrated the safety and efficacy of an approach based on starting and titrating…

Arrhythmias and arrhythmology Emergency medicine Pharmacology & dosing Definition and Pathophysiology Bradycardia encompasses a spectrum of rhythm disturbances characterized by an inappropriately slow heart rate. Within…

…medicine Procedurer Definition and Pathophysiology Cardiac tamponade is a life threatening clinical syndrome in which increased intrapericardial pressure compresses the heart and impairs ventricular filling…

Cardiology Continous medical discussion: the ECG blog Coronary artery disease: On LDL cholesterol, dietary fat & statins You are probably aware that ischemic heart disease, also…