…the initial dose should be reduced to 3 mg. Heart transplant patients: Due to denervation, which makes the sinus and AV nodes supersensitive to the…

…In this position, the heart comes closer to the thoracic wall, with less lung tissue covering the heart. Some images in adult TTE are obtained…

…arterial hypertension (PAH). The threshold is not absolute: patient phenotype, risk factors for heart failure with preserved ejection fraction, echocardiographic findings, and left atrial size…

…air is substantial enough to compress the superior and inferior vena cava, impeding or halting venous return to the heart. In instances of tension pneumothorax…

…to exercise, such as unstable angina, severe aortic stenosis, decompensated heart failure, or aortic aneurysm. Baseline ECG abnormalities rendering ST T interpretation difficult, including left…

…disease and medications : A wide range of diseases and medications may cause sinus tachycardia; e.g congestive heart failure, lung disease (e.g COPD), fever…

…glycoside first described by William Withering in 1775, is the oldest pharmacologic agent in the heart failure armamentarium. Its use has declined over time due…

…blood supply. Stress increases myocardial oxygen requirements, principally through increased heart rate and contractility. In the presence of a flow limiting coronary stenosis, supply cannot…

…without generating significant reflections. However, when side lobes encounter strong reflectors (calcifications, pericardium, mechanical heart valves, wires, etc ), they may generate significant reflections which are…

…wall movements Chest percussion Lung auscultation Pulse oximetry ( 95%) C Circulation Skin color Sweating Capillary refill time (<2 s) Palpate pulse Heart auscultation Blood pressure…