…the initial dose should be reduced to 3 mg. Heart transplant patients: Due to denervation, which makes the sinus and AV nodes supersensitive to the…

…In this position, the heart comes closer to the thoracic wall, with less lung tissue covering the heart. Some images in adult TTE are obtained…

…pulmonary vascular disease. This state is termed unclassified PH. Potential explanations include congenital heart disease, liver disease, airway or lung disease, and hyperthyroidism; follow up…

…episodes Iatrogenic events (e.g., during central venous catheter insertion) Underlying lung pathologies In cases of benign pneumothorax, positive pressure ventilation can precipitate a tension…

…to exercise, such as unstable angina, severe aortic stenosis, decompensated heart failure, or aortic aneurysm. Baseline ECG abnormalities rendering ST T interpretation difficult, including left…

…diseases and medications may cause sinus tachycardia; e.g congestive heart failure, lung disease (e.g COPD), fever, infections, anemia, myocardial ischemia/infarction, pulmonary embolism…

…glycoside first described by William Withering in 1775, is the oldest pharmacologic agent in the heart failure armamentarium. Its use has declined over time due…

Echocardiography Myocardial ischemia and infarction Definition and Pathophysiology Stress echocardiography is a functional cardiac imaging technique used primarily to identify inducible myocardial ischaemia and to…

…g skeleton, calcifications, mechanical heart valves) and reflect virtually all sound waves, leaving too few waves to explore the area behind the reflector. This results…

…wall movements Chest percussion Lung auscultation Pulse oximetry ( 95%) C Circulation Skin color Sweating Capillary refill time (<2 s) Palpate pulse Heart auscultation Blood pressure…