…cancer, etc – are the most important risk factors for poor outcomes. The vast majority of infections with COVID 19 result in mild disease, with symptoms…

…been the foundational tool for assessing thromboembolic risk. However, recent epidemiological data have prompted a divergence in international guidelines regarding the role of biological sex…

…misuse of prescription medications and illicit substances. Currently, opioid overdose stands as a predominant etiological factor for cardiac arrest within this demographic on a global…

…HFrEF. Historically dominated by acute myocardial infarction (MI) survivors, the contemporary risk factor profile is increasingly driven by the global epidemics of obesity, diabetes mellitus…

…end of the T wave. Figure 2. Wiggers diagram showing pressure, volume, Doppler signal, ECG and AV valves during the cardiac cycle. Doppler recording of…

…have discussed several methods for assessment of global and regional ventricular function. Assessment of regional wall motion is an integral aspect of virtually every echocardiographic…

…significant proportion of deceased patients. Historically referred to as coronary thrombosis, the term myocardial infarction ultimately prevailed. The need for a standardized global definition led…

…hypertrophy, or echocardiographic evidence of impaired filling, make the diagnosis more likely. HFpEF and HFmrEF together account for approximately half of patients with symptomatic HF…

…is currently witnessing a paradigm shift. For decades, the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and obesity was siloed, with clinicians focusing primarily on…

…The extent or location of ischaemia needs to be defined before revascularization Residual ischaemia must be assessed after initiation of medical treatment LV function requires…

…BrS is responsible for up to 20% of sudden cardiac deaths in patients without structural heart disease and is the leading cause of SCD in…

…caused by global ischemia, acidosis, inflammation, hypoxia, and reperfusion injury. Myocardial oxygen demand Myocardium can only function under aerobic conditions (oxygen is required for ATP…

…exercise induced arrhythmias Evaluating the blood pressure response Refining risk stratification and prognosis For patients with low or moderate pre test likelihood of obstructive CAD…

…global LV ejection fraction (LVEF) after revascularization is most likely when a relatively large amount of hibernating or stunned myocardium is present, approximately 20% of…

…is moderate or near a treatment decision threshold. Failure to account for a high Lp(a) level may lead to substantial underestimation of cardiovascular risk…

…or global impairment of microvascular vasodilation, regional differences may be underestimated. PET addresses this limitation by allowing absolute myocardial blood flow quantification and calculation of…

…more malignant in men, the reason for which remains elusive. Gene mutations can be confirmed in roughly 60% of individuals with ARVC. Mutations in the…

…of spontaneous circulation (ROSC). A brisk, reactive pupil generally indicates an intact brainstem and adequate cerebral perfusion, whereas fixed, dilated pupils can signal severe global…

…7] . The dominant risk factors for HFpEF include hypertension (present in 80% of cases), obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus, chronic kidney disease (CKD), sedentary lifestyle…

…The threshold for diagnosing hypertension is systolic blood pressure 140 mm Hg or diastolic blood pressure 80 mm Hg or higher. • Approximately 50% of all…

…years has demonstrated that left ventricular diastolic function is also fundamental to global cardiac function. Diastolic dysfunction results in a special type of heart failure…

…high frequency waves. The frequency of the ultrasound wave must generally be reduced in order to visualize objects located far away from the transducer. Hence…